Table 3.

Overview of significance of moderator analyses for the role of participatory design in specific Mechanics, Dynamics, Aesthetics design elements in game study effectiveness.

Comparisons between categories of involvement and no involvement		Informant/ codesigner		Informant		Codesigner
		Qa	P	Q	P	Q	P
Behavior (between categories)
	Narrative	0.05	.82	0.05	.82	0.03	.87
	Challenge	1.07	.30	1.07	.30	1.04	.31
	Characters	0.36	.55	1.80	.18	4.38	.04
	Game world	0.25	.62	0.25	.62	3.99	.046
	Language	0.79	.37	0.79	.37	0.10	.75
	Rewards	0.85	.36	0.85	.36	N/Ab
	Levels	N/A		N/A		N/A
	Controls	0.37	.54	0.37	.54	N/A
	Action/interactivity	0.11	.74	0.54	.47	N/A
Behavioral determinants (between categories)
	Narrative	0.43	.51	1.35	.24	0	.99
	Challenge	2.93	.09	N/A	N/A	11.23	.001
	Characters	1.17	.28	1.27	.26	0.21	.65
	Game world	0.32	.57	0.05	.83	0.59	.44
	Language	0.01	.93	0.46	.50	0.59	.44
	Rewards	2.07	.15	0.20	.66	N/A
	Levels	7.02	.008	7.02	.008	N/A
	Controls	N/A		N/A		N/A
	Action/interactivity	0.48	.49	0.48	.49	N/A

^aCochran’s Q test: homogeneity statistic (mixed effects).

^bN/A: not applicable/not available due to insufficient observations.