Table 3.
Preschool speech and language measures for each language-emergence group, by age at test.
| Characteristic | Score | NLE |
LLE |
PLD |
Cohen's d
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | LLE vs. PLD | NLE vs. LLE | ||
| Age 3.5 | |||||||||
| Root words | # Diff | 91.9 | 18.9 | 60.6 | 15.9 | 49.5 | 17.4 | 0.67 | 1.79 |
| Utterance length | MLU | 2.5 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.57 | 1.58 |
| Bound morphemes | # Diff | 5.9 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.47 | 1.64 |
| Vowels | # Diff | 12.2 | 1.9 | 10.9 | 2.1 | 8.8 | 3.8 | 0.68 | 0.65 |
| Consonants | # Diff | 15.6 | 3.2 | 12.8 | 4.2 | 8.8 | 4.9 | 0.88 | 0.75 |
| Age 4.5 | |||||||||
| Root words | # Diff | 109.1 | 22.0 | 84.6 | 16.4 | 67.4 | 24.0 | 0.84 | 1.26 |
| Utterance length | MLU | 3.0 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.72 | 1.32 |
| Bound morphemes | # Diff | 9.1 | 2.1 | 7.0 | 2.4 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 0.69 | 0.93 |
| Vowels | # Diff | 13.5 | 0.6 | 12.8 | 0.8 | 11.8 | 2.6 | 0.52 | 0.99 |
| Consonants | # Diff | 18.2 | 2.2 | 17.3 | 2.3 | 13.5 | 5.4 | 0.92 | 0.40 |
Note. NLE = normal language emergence; LLE = late language emergence; PLD = persistent language delay; Diff = difference; MLU = mean length of utterance.