Water referencing technique for absolute quantification of choline (Cho).
A and B, Graphs of non–water-suppressed (A) and water-suppressed (B) MR acquisitions show water suppression allows discrimination of choline signal intensity. From these data, areas under choline and water peaks are determined and used to calculate choline concentration based on T1 and T2 relaxation times of choline and water, number of protons attached to choline and water, and correction factors for lipid in voxel and water content of tissue [7].