Table 1. Predictors of getting lost.
| Group A | Group B | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INC (30) | FFG(60) | p1 | REC (38) | FFR (57) | p2 | |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 73.6 ± 9.3 | 75.9 ± 7.8 | .222 | 71.0 ± 9.3 | 77.1 ± 7.7 | .001 |
| Female, n (%) a | 17 (56.7) | 40 (66.7) | .353 | 25 (65.8) | 39 (68.4) | .788 |
| Years of education, mean ± SD | 5.2 ± 5.1 | 5.9 ± 4.9 | .548 | 6.1 ± 5.2 | 6.0 ± 4.6 | .959 |
| Disease duration, mean ± SD | 2.8 ± 2.8 | 2.7 ± 2.9 | .794 | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 3.0 ± 2.7 | .852 |
| Days out per week, mean ± SD | 4.1 ± 2.9 | 4.4 ± 3.0 | .477 | 3.4 ± 3.0 | 2.2 ± 3.0 | .098 |
| With safety range, n (%) a | 14 (46.7) | 34 (56.7) | .370 | 22 (57.9) | 46 (80.7) | .016 |
| Transport restriction, n(%) a | .609 | .039 | ||||
| R4, n (%) | 6 (20.0) | 12 (20.0) | 11 (28.9) | 32 (56.1) | ||
| R3, n (%) | 10 (33.3) | 27 (45.0) | 10 (26.3) | 13 (22.8) | ||
| R2, n (%) | 4 (13.3) | 4 (6.7) | 6 (15.8) | 3 (5.3) | ||
| R1, n (%) | 10 (33.3) | 17 (28.3) | 11 (28.9) | 9 (15.8) | ||
| MMSE, mean ± SD | 15.0 ± 5.8 | 18.0 ± 4.7 | .009 | 18.5 ± 5.7 | 17.0 ± 6.0 | .242 |
| (range) | (6–28) | (4–28) | (6–25) | (6–27) | ||
| CASI, mean ± SD | 51.9 ± 20.5 | 63.9 ± 15.6 | .003 | 63.3 ± 20.3 | 59.0 ± 20.1 | .310 |
| (range) | (12–89) | (15–91) | (10–92) | (12–92) | ||
| CASI sub-scales | ||||||
| Remote memory, mean ± SD | 7.7 ± 2.5 | 8.9 ± 1.8 | .027 | 8.5 ± 2.1 | 8.1 ± 2.3 | .396 |
| Recent memory, mean ± SD | 3.1 ± 3.3 | 4.3 ± 2.8 | .071 | 5.0 ± 3.7 | 4.0 ± 3.4 | .177 |
| Attention, mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 1.1 | .474 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | .686 |
| Mental manipulation, mean ± SD | 5.1 ± 3.5 | 6.0 ± 3.2 | .215 | 5.6 ± 3.4 | 5.3 ± 3.1 | .718 |
| Orientation, mean ± SD | 7.1 ± 5.2 | 11.2 ± 4.8 | .000 | 10.9 ± 4.8 | 9.8 ± 6.0 | .350 |
| Abstract thinking, mean ± SD | 4.8 ± 2.1 | 6.0 ± 1.8 | .004 | 5.9 ± 1.9 | 5.5 ± 2.1 | .394 |
| Language, mean ± SD | 7.2 ± 2.9 | 8.0 ± 1.3 | .131 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 7.6 ± 2.1 | .157 |
| Drawing, mean ± SD | 6.7 ± 3.3 | 7.6 ± 2.9 | .199 | 7.5 ± 3.0 | 7.6 ± 2.8 | .794 |
| Verbal fluency, mean ± SD | 3.8 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2.1 | .012 | 5.3 ± 2.8 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | .098 |
| QuENA-C, mean ± SD | 8.0 ± 5.6 | 3.4 ± 4.4 | .000 | 11.4 ± 7.1 | 11.5 ± 7.8 | .969 |
| LSA, mean ± SD | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 1.2 ± 1.6 | .000 | 3.2 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 2.9 | .473 |
| ED, mean ± SD | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 0.7 ± 1.3 | .002 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 2.0 | .659 |
| INA, mean ± SD | 1.8 ± 1.9 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | .000 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | .967 |
| HD, mean ± SD | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 1.1 ± 1.7 | .085 | 3.1 ± 2.6 | 2.9 ± 2.7 | .745 |
| Discrepancy score ± SD | 5.3 ± 6.5 | 1.9 ± 4.1 | .012 | 5.0 ± 7.1 | 6.1 ± 7.9 | .486 |
Abbreviations: Group A = without any GL records at baseline; Group B = with one or more GL events before baseline; INC = with GL incidence; FFG = remaining free from GL; REC = with GL recurrence; FFR = free from GL recurrence; R4 = escorted by caregivers when going out; R3 = can only go out alone on foot; R2 = can still cycle a bike around the area; R1 = can still operate a motorbike or car; QuENA-C = Questionnaire of Everyday Navigational Ability, caregiver version; LSA = landmark and scene agnosia; ED = egocentric disorientation; INA = inattention; HD = heading disorientation; p1 = p value within Group A; p2 = p value within Group B.
a Analyzed by Pearson’s Chi-square and the percentage was within GL events.