Table S2.
Specimens used in analysis
| Scientific name | Family | Diet | Sex | Mass, g* | NMNH specimen no. | Surface |
| Accipiter badius polyzonoides | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 196.0 | 430530 | NE |
| Accipiter bicolor | Accipitridae | Birds | M | 245.0 | 622236 | NE |
| Accipiter cooperii | Accipitridae | Birds | M | 349.0 | 636924 | NE |
| Accipiter fasciatus | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 510.0 | 620189 | NE |
| Accipiter gentilis | Accipitridae | Birds | M | 912.0 | 610353 | NE |
| Accipiter haplochorus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 254.0 | 561511 | NE |
| Accipiter henicogrammus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | — | 556987 | NE |
| Accipiter melanochlamys | Accipitridae | Birds | M | 294.0 | 561484 | NE |
| Accipiter melanoleucus | Accipitridae | Birds | M | 695.0 | 291786 | NE |
| Accipiter minullus | Accipitridae | Birds | M | 75.7 | 490283 | NE |
| Accipiter nisus | Accipitridae | Birds | F | 325.0 | 344423 | NE |
| Accipiter novaehollandiae griseogularis | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 258.5 | 558270 | NE |
| Accipiter poliogaster | Accipitridae | No information | F | — | 622941 | NE |
| Accipiter striatus velox | Accipitridae | Birds | M | 103.0 | 553261 | NE |
| Accipiter tachiro | Accipitridae | Birds | M | 202.0 | 622998 | NE |
| Accipiter virgatus confusus | Accipitridae | Birds | F | 143.0 | 488909 | NE |
| Aegypius monachus | Accipitridae | Carrion | U | 9,625.0 | 614152 | PG |
| Aquila audax | Accipitridae | Large vertebrates | M | 3,500.0 | 620192 | PG |
| Aquila rapax | Accipitridae | Medium vertebrates | F | 2,250.0 | 430406 | PG |
| Aviceda subcristata | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 294.0 | 558306 | NE |
| Busarellus nigricollis | Accipitridae | Fish | M | 614.0 | 345773 | NE |
| Butastur indicus | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 397.0 | 223986 | NE |
| Buteo albicaudatus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 884.0 | 632372 | NE |
| Buteo albonotatus | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 628.0 | 621080 | NE |
| Buteo buteo | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 969.0 | 554270 | NE |
| Buteo jamaicensis | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 1,126.0 | 290346 | NE |
| Buteo lagopus s.-johannis | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 847.0 | 291309 | NE |
| Buteo lineatus | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 475.0 | 614338 | NE |
| Buteo magnirostris | Accipitridae | Insects | M | 269.0 | 288766 | NE |
| Buteo nitidus | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | — | 623049 | NE |
| Buteo platypterus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 490.0 | 613957 | NE |
| Buteo polyosoma (poecilochorus) | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | — | 346398 | NE |
| Buteo regalis | Accipitridae | Medium vertebrates | M | 1,059.0 | 289973 | NE |
| Buteo ridgwayi† | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | — | 226132 | NE |
| Buteo rufinus | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 1,174.5 | 019535 | NE |
| Buteo rufofuscus | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 1,164.3 | 431785 | NE |
| Buteo solitarius | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 606.0 | 622623 | NE |
| Buteo swainsoni | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 908.0 | 321986 | NE |
| Buteogallus aequinoctialis | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 715.0 | 621054 | NE |
| Buteogallus anthracinus | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 793.0 | 344053 | NE |
| Buteogallus meridionalis | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 808.0 | 560138 | NE |
| Buteogallus urubitinga | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 925.0 | 621696 | NE |
| Caracara cheriway | Falconidae | Carrion | F | — | 321805 | NE |
| Caracara plancus | Falconidae | Carrion | U | 893.5 | 630187 | NE |
| Cathartes aura | Cathartidae | Carrion | U | 1,467.0 | 354339 | NE |
| Cathartes burrovianus | Cathartidae | Carrion | M | 953.0 | 622341 | NE |
| Cathartes melambrotus | Cathartidae | Carrion | F | 1,200.0 | 621939 | NE |
| Chondrohierax u. uncinatus | Accipitridae | Small animals‡ | U | 278.0 | 289784 | NE |
| Circaetus cinereus | Accipitridae | Snakes | M | 2,048.0 | 430776 | PG |
| Circaetus gallicus | Accipitridae | Snakes | F | 1,703.0 | 430827 | NE |
| Circus aeruginosus | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 492.0 | 344419 | NE |
| Circus approximans | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 705.0 | 492471 | NE |
| Circus buffoni | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 410.0 | 623127 | NE |
| Circus cinereus | Accipitridae | Birds | U | 420.0 | 321772 | NE |
| Circus cyaneus hudsonius | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 358.0 | 291684 | NE |
| Circus maurus | Accipitridae | Birds | M | — | 558448 | NE |
| Coragyps atratus | Cathartidae | Carrion | M | 2,172.0 | 559659 | PG |
| Daptrius ater | Falconidae | Carrion | F | 342.0 | 226167 | NE |
| Elanoides forficatus | Accipitridae | Insects | M | 442.0 | 289686 | NE |
| Elanus caeruleus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 350.0 | 558447 | NE |
| Elanus leucurus | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 300.0 | 19603 | NE |
| Falco berigora | Falconidae | Small animals | F | 625.0 | 347646 | NE |
| Falco biarmicus | Falconidae | Birds | U | 593.0 | 620138 | NE |
| Falco cherrug | Falconidae | Small animals | F | 1,050.0 | 500262 | NE |
| Falco columbarius | Falconidae | Birds | F | 218.0 | 554550 | NE |
| Falco eleonorae | Falconidae | Insects | M | 390.0 | 488786 | NE |
| Falco femoralis | Falconidae | Birds | F | 407.0 | 622320 | NE |
| Falco longipennis | Falconidae | Birds | M | 213.0 | 347645 | NE |
| Falco mexicanus | Falconidae | Small animals | M | 554.0 | 610758 | NE |
| Falco moluccensis | Falconidae | Small animals | F | — | 558272 | NE |
| Falco naumanni | Falconidae | Insects | F | 164.0 | 603409 | NE |
| Falco perigrinus anatum | Falconidae | Birds | M | 611.0 | 291186 | NE |
| Falco rufigularis | Falconidae | Birds | M | 129.0 | 644063 | NE |
| Falco rupicoloides | Falconidae | Small animals | M | 260.0 | 430626 | NE |
| Falco rusticolis | Falconidae | Small animals | F | 1,752.0 | 567722 | NE |
| Falco sparverius dominicensis | Falconidae | Small animals | M | 111.0 | 555741 | NE |
| Falco subbuteo | Falconidae | Insects | M | 204.0 | 603410 | NE |
| Falco tinnunculus | Falconidae | Small animals | F | 217.0 | 610374 | NE |
| Falco verspertinus amurensis | Falconidae | Insects | U | 165.5 | 289434 | NE |
| Gampsonyx swainsonii | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 92.5 | 623084 | NE |
| Geranoaetus melanoleucus | Accipitridae | Medium vertebrates | U | 2,252.0 | 318388 | NE |
| Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 338.0 | 345774 | NE |
| Gymnogyps californianus† | Cathartidae | Carrion | U | 10,104.0 | 492447 | PG |
| Gypaetus barbatus | Accipitridae | Carrion§ | F | 5,680.0 | 345684 | PG |
| Gypohierax angolensis | Accipitridae | Generalist/omnivore | F | 1,600.0 | 291078 | NE |
| Gyps africanus | Accipitridae | Carrion | U | 5,300.0 | 19991 | PG |
| Gyps coprotheres | Accipitridae | Carrion | U | 8,177.0 | 561314 | PG |
| Gyps ruppelli | Accipitridae | Carrion | U | 7,400.0 | 430178 | PG |
| Haliaeetus albicilla | Accipitridae | Fish | M | 4,014.0 | 292774 | PG |
| Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Accipitridae | Generalist/omnivore | U | 7,415.0 | 4882 | PG |
| Haliaeetus vocifer | Accipitridae | Fish | M | 2,212.5 | 488146 | NE |
| Haliastur indus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 450.0 | 556984 | NE |
| Haliastur sphenurus | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 800.0 | 610563 | NE |
| Harpagus bidentatus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 239.0 | 612259 | NE |
| Harpia harpjya | Accipitridae | Large vertebrates | U | 6,200.0 | 432244 | PG |
| Herpetotheres cachinnans | Falconidae | Snakes | F | 715.0 | 289775 | NE |
| Hieraeetus spilogaster | Accipitridae | Medium vertebrates | M | 1,225.0 | 430796 | NE |
| Ibycter americanus | Falconidae | Generalist/omnivore | F | 586.0 | 632410 | NE |
| Icthyophaga humilis | Accipitridae | Fish | M | 782.5 | 224807 | NE |
| Icthyophaga icthyaetus | Accipitridae | Fish | U | 2,037.5 | 468555 | NE |
| Ictinia misisippiensis | Accipitridae | Insects | M | 245.0 | 610729 | NE |
| Ictinia plumbea | Accipitridae | Insects | M | 247.0 | 613355 | NE |
| Kaupifalco monogrammicus | Accipitridae | Insects | M | 311.5 | 322456 | NE |
| Leptodon cayanensis | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 484.0 | 613953 | NE |
| Leucopternis albicollis | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 600.0 | 613956 | NE |
| Leucopternis melanops | Accipitridae | No information | F | 307.0 | 432181 | NE |
| Leucopternis princeps | Accipitridae | No information | M | 1,000.0 | 613281 | NE |
| Leucopternis semiplumbea | Accipitridae | No information | F | 325.0 | 613955 | NE |
| Lophaetos occipitalis | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 1,140.0 | 291451 | NE |
| Macheiramphus alcinus | Accipitridae | Birds¶ | U | 650.0 | 559816 | NE |
| Melierax canorus | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 684.0 | 620139 | NE |
| Melierax metabates mechawi | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 598.0 | 430326 | NE |
| Micrastur gilvicollis | Falconidae | Small animals | M | 204.0 | 637213 | NE |
| Micrastur ruficollis | Falconidae | Small animals | M | 161.0 | 621387 | NE |
| Micrastur semitorquatus | Falconidae | Small animals | M | 562.0 | 289773 | NE |
| Microhierax caerculescens | Falconidae | Insects | F | 40.0 | 499825 | NE |
| Microhierax erythrogenys | Falconidae | Insects | F | 43.5 | 613010 | NE |
| Milvago chimachima cordatus | Falconidae | Carrion | U | 332.5 | 343844 | NE |
| Milvago chimango | Falconidae | Carrion | M | 296.0 | 635870 | NE |
| Milvus migrans | Accipitridae | Generalist/omnivore | F | 827.0 | 557810 | NE |
| Necrosyrtes monachus | Accipitridae | Carrion | F | 1,813.0 | 291441 | NE |
| Neophron percnopterus | Accipitridae | Carrion | U | 2,120.0 | 17835 | PG |
| Pandion haliaetus | Pandionidae | Fish | F | 1,568.0 | 492597 | NE |
| Parabuteo unicinctus | Accipitridae | Medium vertebrates | M | 690.0 | 630259 | NE |
| Pernis ptilorhynchus gurneyi | Accipitridae | Insects | M | 1,066.0 | 343983 | NE |
| Phalcoboenus australis | Falconidae | Carrion | F | 1,187.0 | 490890 | NE |
| Phalcoboenus carunculatus | Falconidae | Generalist/omnivore | F | — | 614838 | NE |
| Phalcoboenus megalopterus | Falconidae | Small animals | U | 795.0 | 500273 | NE |
| Pithecophaga jefferyi† | Accipitridae | Large vertebrates | M | 4,041.0 | 499879 | PG |
| Polemaetus bellicosus | Accipitridae | Large vertebrates | M | 4,230.0 | 430533 | NE |
| Polihierax insignis | Falconidae | Small animals | M | 98.0 | 490664 | NE |
| Polihierax semitorquatus | Falconidae | Small animals | F | 57.0 | 322394 | NE |
| Polyboroides typus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 570.0 | 291787 | NE |
| Rostrhamus sociabilis | Accipitridae | Small animals‡ | M | 378.0 | 631216 | NE |
| Sagittarius serpentarius | Sagittaridae | Insects | F | 3,405.0 | 490786 | PG |
| Sarcorhamphus papa | Cathartidae | Carrion | F | 3,400.0 | 320860 | NE |
| Spilornis cheela | Accipitridae | Snakes | U | 1,072.0 | 19474 | NE |
| Spizaetus ornatus | Accipitridae | Medium vertebrates | M | 1,069.0 | 430495 | NE |
| Spizaetus tyrannus | Accipitridae | Medium vertebrates | M | 1,025.0 | 623090 | NE |
| Spizastur melanoleucus | Accipitridae | Small animals | U | 850.0 | 321507 | NE |
| Spiziapteryx circumcinctus | Falconidae | Small animals | M | 152.0 | 319445 | NE |
| Stephanoaetus coronatus | Accipitridae | Large vertebrates | F | 3,640.0 | 346655 | NE |
| Terathopius ecuadatus | Accipitridae | Small animals | F | 2,438.5 | 319919 | PG |
| Torgos tracheliotus | Accipitridae | Carrion | M | 7,500.0 | 347597 | PG |
| Trigonoceps occipitalis | Accipitridae | Carrion | U | 5,900.0 | 347358 | PG |
| Urotuorchis macrourus batesi | Accipitridae | Small animals | M | 492.0 | 292398 | NE |
| Vultur gryphus | Cathartidae | Carrion | M | 12,500.0 | 346633 | PG |
F, female; M, male; NE, NextEngine laser scanner; NMNH, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History; PG, photogrammetry; U, unknown.
*
Mass estimates taken from ref. 22. Mass was taken for same-sex birds wherever possible. Otherwise, species averages, opposite sex, or birds of unknown sex were used to estimate mass. Dashes indicate data unavailable.
†
Critically endangered [International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List, 2015].
‡
Chondrohierax uncinatus and Rostrhamus sociabilis are both specialist predators of snails but are classified here as small animal predators due to their small sample size.
§
Gypaetus barbatus is classified as a carrion eater although its diet almost exclusively comprises bone.
¶
Macheirhamphus alcinus is a specialist predator of bats but is here classified as a bird eater.