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Average ROM at proximal-adjacent segment (T7–T8) as a percentage of total ROM increased after the addition of a two-level fusion from T9 to T11 (*p < 0.001) and further increased after extending the fusion to T8–T9 in all bending modes except torsion with hooks and hybrid technique (# p < 0.05). Statistical differences among the three top-off techniques are indicated separately in Fig. 7. Abbreviations: ROM, range of motion; UIV, upper-instrumented vertebrae.
