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Average rotation at each motion segment during torsion for all constructs as a percentage of total specimen motion. Hooks significantly decreased the stiffness at the UIV (T8–T9, *p < 0.05) and reduced the percent of motion carried through the proximal adjacent level when compared with an all-pedicle screw construct (# p < 0.05). Abbreviation: UIV, upper-instrumented vertebrae.
