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Average increase in percent of total motion at the proximal supra-adjacent level (T7–T8), normalized to the intact specimen. Screws significantly increased the percent of total motion carried by T7–T8 when compared with bilateral hooks (*p < 0.05) and the hybrid construct in torsion (# p < 0.05). Abbreviations: ROM, range of motion; UIV, upper-instrumented vertebrae.
