Table 3.
Cognitive function scores before and after training period in both groups.
| Learning therapy group | Wait list control group | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-value | |
| Executive functions | |||||||||
| LFT (number) | 8.56 | (2.53) | 9.38 | (2.64) | 9.59 | (3.35) | 10.28 | (2.82) | 0.17 |
| CFT (number) | 11.06 | (2.84) | 11.72 | (2.77) | 11.41 | (2.08) | 11.44 | (3.26) | 0.58 |
| rST (number) | 27.44 | (6.87) | 31.31 | (5.87) | 28.63 | (6.47) | 29.84 | (6.66) | 0.48 |
| ST (number) | 41.41 | (9.00) | 44.63 | (8.29) | 40.78 | (9.15) | 42.38 | (8.73) | 0.78 |
| Attention | |||||||||
| D-CAT (number) | 26.31 | (5.87) | 28.41 | (4.98) | 26.84 | (5.48) | 26.25 | (5.47) | 0.71 |
| Episodic memory | |||||||||
| LM (score) | 7.31 | (2.22) | 11.91 | (2.80) | 8.09 | (2.84) | 10.56 | (2.94) | 0.23 |
| FSN (score) | 2.97 | (1.60) | 3.34 | (1.89) | 3.66 | (1.79) | 4.00 | (2.06) | 0.11 |
| Short-term memory | |||||||||
| DS-F (score) | 5.13 | (0.87) | 4.97 | (1.18) | 5.56 | (1.37) | 5.34 | (1.33) | 0.16 |
| Working memory | |||||||||
| DS-B (score) | 4.09 | (0.86) | 3.97 | (0.82) | 4.38 | (1.29) | 4.13 | (1.13) | 0.31 |
| Processing speed | |||||||||
| Cd (number) | 64.56 | (13.15) | 69.56 | (13.21) | 66.84 | (11.48) | 67.97 | (11.37) | 0.61 |
| SS (number) | 33.00 | (6.15) | 36.47 | (5.51) | 32.81 | (6.17) | 34.63 | (6.41) | 0.90 |
| Verbal ability | |||||||||
| JART (score) | 19.97 | (3.47) | 20.34 | (3.30) | 19.25 | (4.30) | 19.50 | (4.15) | 0.46 |
Group comparison (two sample t-tests) of the pre-training scores revealed no significant difference in any measure of cognitive functions between the learning therapy group and the waiting list control group (p > 0.10). Pre, pre-training; post, post-training; SD, standard deviation. Executive functions were measured using the Stroop Test (ST) and Verbal fluency task (VFT). Attention was measured using the Digit Cancellation Task (D-CAT). Episodic Memory was measured using Logical Memory (LM) and First and Second Names (FSN). Short-term memory was measured using Digit Span Forward (DS-F). Working memory was measured using Digit span Backward (DS-B). Processing speed was measured using Digit Symbol Coding (Cd) and Symbol Search (SS). Reading ability was measured using the Japanese Reading Test (JART).