Table (1).

Genetic engineering of plants for production of FAs of nutritional and industrial importance.

Fatty Acids Specific Utility	Major Natural Source	Target Crop	Gene Source	Gene	Remarks	Reference
DHA/EPA/ARA	Fish, Algae	Tobacco Linseed Arabidopsis A. thaliana Camelina sativa Camelina sativa	Phaeodactylum tricornutum Physcomitrella patens Isochrysis galbana Pavlova salina Lachancea kluyveri Pichia pastoris Micromonas pusilla Pavlova salina Pyramimonas cordata Ostreococcus tauri Thraustochytrium sp. Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora sojae Emiliania huxleyi P. patens O. tauri	∆5- and ∆6-desaturase ∆6-elongase ∆9-elongase ∆8- and ∆5-desaturases ∆12-desaturase ∆15-desaturase ∆6-desaturase ∆5- and ∆4-desaturases ∆6- and ∆5-elongases ∆6-desaturase ∆5-desaturase w 3-desaturase ∆12-desaturase ∆4-desaturase ∆ 6-elongase ∆ 5-elongase	5% including ARA and EPA >20% ARA and 2% EPA in seeds 15% DHA in seed Two iterations 1) up to 31% EPA levels 2) up to 12% EPA and 14% DHA in seed 20% DHA in seed	[42] [43] [44, 47] [45] [48]
GLA	Borago officinalis	Tobacco Brassica juncea low α-linolenic canola Safflower (producing high levels of LA)	Borago officinalis Pythium irregular Mortierella alpina Saprolegnia diclina M. alpina	∆6-desaturase ∆6-desaturase ∆6-desaturase gene And ∆12-desaturase ∆6-desaturase ∆6-desaturase	13.2% GLA in leaves 27% GLA in stem 40% GLA in seeds 40% GLA in seeds >70% GLA 50% GLA	[34, 35] [37] [38] [39]
SDA	Seafood B. officinalis Black current	Tobacco Soybean	Borago officinalis B. officinalis Arabidopsis	∆6-desaturase ∆6-desaturase and ∆15-desaturase gene	9.6% SDA in stem 29% SDA in seed	[34, 35] [36]
Hydroxy fatty acid	Castor, Lesquerella	Castor	Arabidopsis	Oleate-12-hydroxylase Oleate-12-hydroxylase And DGAT2 Oleate-12-hydroxylase and PDAT1-2	17% HFA 30% HFA 27 % HFA	[58] [61] [65]
Erucic acid	Brassica Crambe	Brassica napus (HEAR) B. napus Crambe abyssinica	B. napus B. napus Limnanthes douglasii B. napus Limnanthes douglasii C. abyssinica	Fatty acid elongase (Bn-FAE1.1) BnFAE1, LdLPAAT BnFAE1, LdLPAAT and CaFAD2-RNAi	60% erucic acid 72% erucic acid 73.9% erucic acid	[74] [75] [76]
Stearic acid	Palm kernel	B. napus	B. rapa	Stearoyl-ACP D-9 desaturase (antisense)	2%- 40% stearic acid	[81]
Lauric acid	Coconut Palm kernel	B. napus B. napus	Umbellularia californica Umbellularia californica Cocos nucifera	Acyl-ACP thioesterase Acyl-ACP thioesterase (UcFatB1) and (CnLPAT)	Upto 50% lauric acid Further 5% increase	[79] [80]
Capric acid	Coconut	B. napus	Cuphea hookeriana	Acyl-ACP thioesterase (ChFatB2)	11 and 27 Mol%	[82]
Palmitoleic acid	Doxantha unguis-cati	Arabidopsis	Castor Aspergillus nidulans Stagonospora nodorum Arabidopsis	Plastidial ∆9-16:0-ACP desaturase (variant), ∆9-16:0-ACP desaturases and ketoacyl-ACP synthase II 16:0 elongase (downregulation).	71% w-7 fatty acids	[78]