Table 3. Baseline predictors of change in psychosocial and functional quality of life.

	β	t	P	95% CI for β
				Lower bound	Upper bound
Outcome: psychosocial quality of life (constant)	0.00	4.50	0.00	1.70	4.34
Age	0.00	−0.01	0.99	−0.01	0.01
Gender	0.03	0.70	0.48	−0.10	0.20
Ethnicity
Black	0.02	0.48	0.63	−0.28	0.47
South Asian	−0.04	−0.98	0.32	−0.40	0.13
Other ethnicity	0.02	0.49	0.62	−0.23	0.38
Classification
Primary	0.03	0.62	0.54	−0.17	0.33
Residual	0.02	0.41	0.68	−0.24	0.37
Secondary	−0.03	−0.71	0.48	−0.57	0.27
Secondary iatrogenic	0.05	1.18	0.24	−0.16	0.63
Consecutive	0.00	0.00	1.00	−0.31	0.31
Mechanical	−0.04	−0.90	0.37	−0.35	0.13
Other classification	0.01	0.41	0.68	−0.46	0.71
Disease duration (years)	−0.05	−0.61	0.54	−0.01	0.01
Age of onset (years)	−0.10	−1.24	0.22	−0.01	0.00
Previous surgery (yes/no)	−0.04	−0.61	0.54	−0.31	0.16
Total no. of previous strabismus surgeries	−0.03	−0.50	0.62	−0.13	0.08
Previous Botulinum toxin type A therapy (yes/no)	0.01	0.24	0.81	−0.13	0.17
Previous prism therapy for diplopia (yes/no)	−0.06	−1.32	0.19	−0.34	0.07
Worse eye visual acuity—LogMAR Conversiona	−0.02	−0.43	0.67	−0.15	0.10
Best eye visual acuity—LogMAR conversiona	0.04	1.14	0.25	−0.24	0.91
Deviation in primary position	0.01	0.31	0.75	0.00	0.01
Esotropia	−0.01	−0.17	0.87	−0.23	0.19
Hypertropia or hypotropia	0.01	0.13	0.90	−0.25	0.28
Other direction	0.01	0.26	0.79	−0.32	0.43
Diplopia	0.09	1.65	0.10	−0.03	0.38
IQP-R timeline	−0.01	−0.28	0.78	−0.10	0.07
IQP-R consequences	−0.18	−3.41	0.00	−0.32	−0.09
IQP-R personal control	−0.02	−0.51	0.61	−0.10	0.06
TRI treatment value	0.01	0.30	0.77	−0.13	0.17
TRI treatment concerns	−0.03	−0.63	0.53	−0.13	0.07
TRI decision satisfaction	0.00	−0.06	0.95	−0.18	0.17
TRI cure	−0.02	−0.37	0.71	−0.19	0.13
FNE	−0.06	−1.21	0.23	−0.02	0.00
ESSQ intimacy and appearance-related issues	−0.05	−0.73	0.46	−0.28	0.13
ESSQ visual functioning	0.08	1.17	0.25	−0.09	0.36
ESSQ social functioning	0.02	0.40	0.69	−0.23	0.34
RSSQ intimacy and appearance-related issues	−0.24	−3.57	0.00	−0.33	−0.09
RSSQ visual functioning	0.02	0.36	0.72	−0.09	0.13
RSSQ social functioning	−0.06	−1.11	0.27	−0.19	0.05
DAS24	−0.25	−4.39	0.00	−0.03	−0.01
Appearance concern	−0.08	−1.57	0.12	−0.40	0.04
Perceived visibility	−0.26	−4.43	0.00	−0.19	−0.07
Salience	−0.01	−0.11	0.91	−0.01	0.01
Valence	0.01	0.15	0.88	−0.01	0.01
Social support—family	−0.05	−1.11	0.27	−0.04	0.01
Social support—friends	0.04	0.95	0.34	−0.01	0.04
Social support—significant others	0.05	1.20	0.23	−0.01	0.03
Anxiety	−0.03	−0.60	0.55	−0.03	0.02
Depression	−0.01	−0.10	0.92	−0.03	0.03
Outcome: functional quality of life (constant)	0.00	4.66	0.00	2.35	5.76
Age	−0.01	−0.12	0.91	−0.01	0.01
Gender	0.05	0.91	0.36	−0.11	0.29
Ethnicity
Black	0.05	0.97	0.33	−0.23	0.69
South Asian	0.06	1.12	0.26	−0.16	0.57
Other ethnicity	0.10	2.12	0.03	0.03	0.83
Classificationa
Primary	−0.05	−0.73	0.47	−0.45	0.21
Residual	−0.01	−0.18	0.86	−0.44	0.36
Secondary	0.00	0.00	1.00	−0.56	0.56
Secondary iatrogenic	−0.14	−2.62	0.01	−1.22	−0.17
Consecutive	0.08	0.92	0.36	−0.22	0.61
Mechanical	−0.10	−1.58	0.11	−0.58	0.06
Other classification	−0.06	−1.25	0.21	−1.25	0.28
Disease duration (years)	−0.10	−0.96	0.34	−0.01	0.01
Age of onset (years)	−0.09	−0.79	0.43	−0.01	0.01
Previous surgery (yes/no)	−0.11	−1.34	0.18	−0.52	0.10
Total no. of previous strabismus surgeries	0.07	0.83	0.41	−0.08	0.19
Previous Botulinum toxin type A therapy (yes/no)	0.09	1.76	0.08	−0.02	0.38
Previous prism therapy for diplopia (yes/no)	0.08	1.41	0.16	−0.08	0.46
Worse eye visual acuity—LogMAR Conversionb	0.05	0.78	0.44	−0.10	0.23
Best eye visual acuity—LogMAR conversionb	0.01	0.28	0.78	−0.65	0.86
Deviation in primary position	0.01	0.10	0.92	−0.01	0.01
Esotropia	0.00	0.05	0.96	−0.27	0.29
Hypertropia or hypotropia	0.15	1.85	0.07	−0.02	0.68
Other direction	0.06	1.03	0.30	−0.23	0.75
Diplopia	−0.10	−1.46	0.14	−0.48	0.07
IQP-R timeline	−0.01	−0.21	0.83	−0.12	0.10
IQP-R consequences	−0.28	−3.81	0.00	−0.45	−0.14
IQP-R personal control	0.04	0.88	0.38	−0.06	0.16
TRI treatment value	−0.03	−0.52	0.60	−0.25	0.15
TRI treatment concerns	−0.15	−2.49	0.01	−0.30	−0.04
TRI decision satisfaction	−0.05	−0.78	0.44	−0.31	0.14
TRI cure	−0.02	−0.26	0.80	−0.24	0.18
FNE	−0.06	−0.85	0.39	−0.02	0.01
ESSQ intimacy and appearance-related issues	0.15	1.68	0.10	−0.04	0.51
ESSQ visual functioning	−0.17	−2.04	0.04	−0.54	−0.01
ESSQ social functioning	−0.02	−0.31	0.76	−0.43	0.31
RSSQ intimacy and appearance-related issues	0.11	1.26	0.21	−0.05	0.25
RSSQ visual functioning	−0.20	−2.42	0.02	−0.33	−0.03
RSSQ social functioning	0.00	−0.06	0.96	−0.16	0.15
DAS24	−0.21	−2.78	0.01	−0.03	0.00
Appearance concern	0.00	0.01	0.99	-0.29	0.29
Perceived visibility	0.05	0.60	0.55	−0.05	0.10
Salience	−0.07	−1.09	0.27	−0.03	0.01
Valence	0.00	−0.06	0.95	−0.02	0.02
Social support—family	−0.06	−0.85	0.40	−0.05	0.02
Social support—friends	0.05	0.72	0.47	−0.02	0.05
Social support—significant others	−0.08	−1.32	0.19	−0.04	0.01
Anxiety	−0.06	−0.92	0.36	−0.04	0.02
Depression	−0.14	−1.94	0.05	−0.07	0.00

^aSecondary refers to a squint occurring following the loss or impairment of vision. Secondary (iatrogenic) refers to squint occurring secondary to sight saving surgery, for example retinal detachment surgery.

^bVisual acuity measured as Snellens acuity but converted into LogMAR scale for statistical analysis. LogMAR values ranged between −0.20 and 2.1. The score of 2.2 LogMAR being assigned to vision of counting fingers, hand movements, perception of light and non perception of light.

Bold values are statistically significant (P<0.05).