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Mapping of silicon (gray to white), LixSi alloys (orange), LiF (green), carbonates (purple), and carbon black (blue), calculated from STEM-EELS measurements. The scale bar is 100 nm. (a) Unreacted Si surrounded by thick patches of LiF after the 1st lithiation. (b) Core–shell structure of lithiated silicon surrounded by LiF patches and a ∼ 20 nm thick carbonate layer after the 1st lithiation. Large SEI build-ups after the (c) 100th lithiation and (d) 100th delithiation.
