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Clinical and radiographic success rates in a randomized controlled trial comparing activL® Artificial Disc to control total disc replacements (ProDisc-L or Charité).
Notes: Back pain success defined as improvement ≥20 mm. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) success defined as improvement ≥15 points. Disc height success defined as increase >3 mm. Range of motion (ROM) success defined as change ≥−2° on flexion–extension radiographs.
