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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 17.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2015 Jun 29;21(7):698–708. doi: 10.1038/nm.3892

Figure 2. ILCs promote acute inflammation to mediate innate immunity to pathogens.

Figure 2

ILCs promote innate immune responses to a number of pathogens in the intestine. (a) ILC1 promote innate immunity to intracellular pathogens, such as Toxoplasma gondii, by producing TNF and IFNγ in response to DC-derived IL-12 and subsequently promoting recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells. (b) Following infection with the helminth parasites Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Trichuris muris, ILC2 produce IL-13 in response to epithelial-cell derived-IL-25 and IL-33, which increases smooth muscle contractility and mucus production from goblet cells. (c) ILC3 produce IL-17 and IL-22 in response to DC-derived IL-23 and IL-1β, which promotes innate immunity to fungi and extracellular bacteria, such as Citrobacter rodentium and Candida albicans. IL-17 and IL-22 promote neutrophil recruitment to the intestine and the production of antimicrobial peptides from IECs.