. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 17.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2015 Oct 29;46(2):327–343. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715001981

Table 4.

Odds ratios of sociodemographic variables and prior traumatic events predicting event categories in 26 WMH surveys from 24 countries^a

	Predictor	Collective violence	Cause/witness bodily harm	Interpersonal violence	Intimate partner/ sexual violence	Accidents or injuries	Death of loved one	Mugged with weapon	Man-made disaster
Gender	Female	0.8 (0.8–0.9)^*	0.4 (0.4–0.4)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.8)^*	2.3 (2.2–2.4)^*	0.7 (0.7–0.7)^*	1.1 (1.1–1.2)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.5)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.7)^*
Age at interview	18–34 years old	0.3 (0.3–0.3)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.8 (1.6–1.9)^*	3.3 (3.0–3.5)^*	1.8 (1.7–1.9)^*	3.8 (3.5–4.1)^*	5.2 (4.6–6.0)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.1)
	35–49 years old	0.4 (0.3–0.4)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.8 (1.6–2.0)^*	2.3 (2.1–2.5)^*	1.3 (1.3–1.4)^*	2.1 (2.0–2.3)^*	2.8 (2.5–3.2)^*	0.9 (0.7–1.0)
	50–64 years old	0.4 (0.4–0.5)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	1.5 (1.4–1.7)^*	1.8 (1.6–1.9)^*	1.2 (1.2–1.3)^*	1.6 (1.5–1.7)^*	1.9 (1.7–2.2)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*
	65+ years old (ref)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)
Student	Student (v. not)	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.5)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.6)^*	1.2 (1.2–1.3)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.7 (1.6–1.9)^*	1.6 (1.4–1.8)^*	1.1 (0.9–1.3)
Time-varying education	Low education	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^*	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)^*	0.8 (0.8–0.9)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.1)
	Low-average	0.6 (0.6–0.7)^*	1.2 (1.1–1.3)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.6)^*	1.0 (1.0–1.1)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)^*	1.3 (1.3–1.4)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.9 (0.8–1.1)
	High-average	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	1.2 (1.1–1.3)^*	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	1.0 (1.0–1.1)	1.2 (1.1–1.2)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.0 (0.8–1.2)
	High (ref)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)
Time-varying marital status	Never married (ref)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)
	Previously	0.8 (0.7–1.0)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.0)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.8)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.9 (0.8–1.2)
	Currently married	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	0.7 (0.7–0.8)^*	0.5 (0.5–0.6)^*	0.9 (0.8–0.9)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	0.8 (0.8–0.9)^*	0.6 (0.6–0.7)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*
Prior trauma type count	Collective violence	1.8 (1.6–2.1)^*	1.6 (1.5–1.8)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.3)^*	1.1 (1.0–1.2)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.6)^*	2.1 (1.8–2.5)^*
	Cause/witness harm	1.7 (1.6–1.9)^*	1.7 (1.6–1.8)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.6)^*	1.5 (1.4–1.6)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.5)^*	1.3 (1.3–1.4)^*	1.8 (1.7–1.9)^*	1.9 (1.6–2.2)^*
	Interpersonal violence	1.5 (1.4–1.7)^*	1.6 (1.6–1.7)^*	2.6 (2.4–2.8)^*	2.2 (2.1–2.3)^*	1.4 (1.4–1.5)^*	1.4 (1.4–1.5)^*	1.6 (1.5–1.7)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.5)^*
	Sexual violence	1.3 (1.2–1.5)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.5)^*	1.5 (1.4–1.7)^*	1.7 (1.6–1.8)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.4)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.5 (1.4–1.6)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.7)^*
	Accident/injuries	1.4 (1.2–1.5)^*	1.4 (1.4–1.5)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.5)^*	1.4 (1.4–1.5)^*	1.5 (1.4–1.5)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.5)^*	1.5 (1.4–1.6)^*	1.9 (1.6–2.2)^*
	Death of loved one	1.1 (1.0–1.3)^*	1.3 (1.3–1.4)^*	1.1 (1.0–1.2)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.2 (1.2–1.3)^*		1.3 (1.3–1.5)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^*
	Mugged	1.7 (1.5–2.0)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.5)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.2 (1.1–1.3)^*		1.5 (1.2–1.8)^*
	Man-made disaster	1.4 (1.2–1.8)^*	1.4 (1.3–1.6)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.2 (1.2–1.3)^*	1.2 (1.1–1.4)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^*
Country	USA (ref)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	1.0 (1.0–1.0)
	Mexico	0.6 (0.5–0.9)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	1.7 (1.5–1.9)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.0)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	1.7 (1.5–2.0)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.7)^*
	Colombia	2.3 (1.8–2.9)^*	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	1.7 (1.5–1.9)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.0)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	2.4 (2.1–2.8)^*	0.8 (0.6–1.1)
	Nigeria	3.8 (3.0–4.9)^*	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.4 (0.4–0.5)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	0.2 (0.1–0.4)^*
	China	1.4 (1.0–1.9)	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.2 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.6 (0.3–1.1)
	Japan	0.8 (0.6–1.1)	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.4 (0.4–0.5)^*	0.5 (0.5–0.6)^*	0.1 (0.1–0.2)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.5)^*
	Israel	0.9 (0.7–1.1)	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.7 (0.7–0.8)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.7)^*	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.5 (0.4–0.5)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*
	Lebanon	20.6 (16.6–25.5)^*	1.3 (1.1–1.6)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.4)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	0.2 (0.2–0.4)^*	0.8 (0.6–1.1)
	Ukraine	2.6 (2.0–3.2)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	0.6 (0.5–0.8)^*	1.6 (1.1–2.2)^*
	New Zealand	1.6 (1.3–2.0)^*	0.9 (0.8–0.9)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	0.8 (0.8–0.9)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.0)^*	0.7 (0.7–0.8)^*	0.7 (0.5–0.8)^*
	South Africa	2.9 (2.2–3.7)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	0.6 (0.5–0.6)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.8)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.6 (0.4–0.8)^*
	Romania	0.6 (0.4–0.8)^*	0.4 (0.4–0.5)^*	0.4 (0.3–0.5)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.6 (0.6–0.7)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.4)^*	0.4 (0.2–0.6)^*
	Bulgaria	0.1 (0.0–0.1)^*	0.2 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.1 (0.0–0.1)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.3 (0.3–0.4)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.4)^*	0.1 (0.1–0.2)^*	0.2 (0.2–0.4)^*
	Brazil	0.3 (0.2–0.5)^*	1.3 (1.2–1.4)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.5)^*	0.4 (0.4–0.4)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.6)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	2.7 (2.4–3.1)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.4)^*
	Belgium	3.1 (2.2–4.2)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.4)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.8)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.8)^*	0.7 (0.5–1.0)^*	0.7 (0.4–1.3)
	France	2.0 (1.5–2.6)^*	1.2 (1.0–1.4)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.4)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	0.9 (0.7–1.1)	0.9 (0.6–1.3)
	Spain	1.4 (1.1–1.8)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.2 (0.1–0.2)^*	0.2 (0.2–0.3)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.5 (0.5–0.6)^*	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)
	Germany	2.7 (2.1–3.5)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.0)^*	0.4 (0.3–0.5)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	1.3 (0.9–1.8)
	Netherlands	2.6 (1.9–3.5)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.4)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.8)^*	1.1 (0.8–1.4)	1.0 (0.6–1.5)
	Italy	1.2 (1.0–1.6)	0.8 (0.7–1.0)	0.2 (0.1–0.2)^*	0.3 (0.3–0.4)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.6)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^*	0.3 (0.2–0.4)^*	0.5 (0.3–0.7)^*
	Northern Ireland	4.0 (3.3–4.9)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.8)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.4 (0.3–0.4)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	1.3 (1.0–1.7)
	Portugal	1.4 (1.1–1.9)^*	0.7 (0.7–0.8)^*	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	0.4 (0.4–0.5)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	0.5 (0.5–0.6)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.8)^*	1.1 (0.8–1.6)
	Peru	1.5 (1.2–1.9)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	2.2 (2.0–2.5)^*	0.5 (0.5–0.6)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^*	1.5 (1.3–1.7)^*	0.9 (0.7–1.2)
	Medellin, Colombia	2.3 (1.7–3.1)^*	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	1.7 (1.4–2.0)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.8 (0.6–0.9)^*	2.3 (2.0–2.7)^*	0.4 (0.3–0.7)^*
	Murcia, Spain	0.5 (0.3–1.0)^*	0.2 (0.1–0.2)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.8)^*	0.4 (0.3–0.5)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.9)^*	0.7 (0.5–1.0)
	Australia	1.3 (1.1–1.6)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	0.9 (0.8–1.0)^*	0.9 (0.8–0.9)^*	0.7 (0.6–0.7)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^*	0.8 (0.6–1.0)^*

Data are given as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

WMH, World Mental Health; ref, reference.

Model includes country, person-year, gender, age at interview, time-varying education, time-varying marital status, and counts of prior event types.

p < 0.05.