Table 1.

Patient Characteristics

				Gout Patients			Comparator Patients
Study	Design	Population	Dates	N	Disease duration, years (mean)	Age, years (mean)	N	Age, years (mean)	Arthrocentesis	Conditions
Ultrasound
Ottaviani 2012	Prospective Case-Control	Hospital outpatients with rheumatic disease	11/2008–10/2010	53	9.2	59.7	50	59.5	Yes	CPPD, RA, OA, PsA
Lamers-Karnebeek 2014	Prospective Cross-Sectional	Patients presenting with mono- or oligoarthritis	NR	26	NR	63.5	28	NR	Yes	CPPD, ReA, PsA, OA, PMR, UA, Lofgren’s Syndrome, Gout with neg MSU (2 patients)
Thiele 2007	Retrospective Case-Control	Rheumatology clinic patients with unclear diagnosis	11/2003–12/2004	23	NR	58.6	23	NR	No	CPPD, RA, sarcoidosis, OA, FMS, PsA, bursitis, tendinitis, Inflammatory oligoarthritis NOS, lateral epicondylitis, muscle fiber tear
Naredo 2013	Prospective Case-Control	Rheumatology and general practice clinics	NR	91	7	56.4	42	56.6	NR	RA, SpA, healthy
Nalbant 2003	Prospective Case-Control	Patients with subcutaneous nodules and rheumatic disease attending rheumatology clinics	5/2001–10/2001	10	10.7	61.3	13	56.5	NR	RA
Ponce 2009†	Prospective Cross-Sectional	Patients with joint effusion	NR	13	NR	NR	88	NR	Yes	OA, RA, SpA, UIA, CTD, CPPD, bursitis, AVN, hemorrhagic joint
Bergner 2013†	Cross-Sectional	Patients undergoing arthrocentesis	NR	39	NR	NR	74	NR	Yes	CPPD, Non-crystal arthropathy
Dual Energy Computed Tomography
Glazebrook 2011	Retrospective Cross-sectional	Patients with arthralgia and potential gout	4/2008–2/2010	12*	NR	NR	19	NR	Yes	CPPD, possible diagnoses of RA, seronegative IA, and CTS
Bongartz 2014	Prospective Case-Control	Patients with joint pain or swelling in rheumatology procedure clinic	10/2010–9/2012	40	NR**	62.1	41	58.7	Yes	OA, RA, septic arthritis, CTD, CPPD, unknown
Choi 2012	Prospective Case-Control	Clinic patients with arthritis	12/2009–6/2011	40	13	62	40	53	NR	RA, PsA, OA, UIA, AS
Plain Radiography
Parker 1984	Retrospective Cross-sectional	Patients undergoing routine lateral CXR	1978–1980	20	NR	60.8	Healthy: 69 Arthritis: 88	Healthy: 52.6 Arthritis: 58	NR	Among those with arthritis: RA, ReA, AS, PsA, CPPD, PMR, DISH

^*43 patients included in study initially but only 12 were found to have MSU crystals.

^**20 patients had symptom duration <6 weeks.

^†Refers to an abstract.

Abbreviations: NR=not reported, RA=Rheumatoid Arthritis, SpA=Spondyloarthropathy, ReA=Reactive Arthritis, AS=Ankylosing Spondylitis, PsA=Psoriatic Arthritis, OA=Osteoarthritis, UIA=Undifferentiated Inflammatory Arthritis, CPPD=Calcium Pyrophosphate Disease, PMR=Polymyalgia Rheumatica, DISH=Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis, AVN=Avascular Necrosis, CTD=Connective Tissue Disease, CXR=chest radiograph