Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

Author, year	Project name (if identified)	Clinical site	Population studied	Study design	Adjustment for confounders	Intervention group sample	Control group sample	Follow up time
Patient Centered Medical Home Interventions (PCMH)
Kaushal 201522		Primary care	Patients under the care of physicians from multiple health plans in NY State	Pre-post/concurrent comparator	Full	92 physicians	183 physicians	1 year
Van Hasselt 201523		Primary care	All Medicare FFS*patients seen in participating clinics	Pre-post/concurrent comparator	Full	308 practices	1906 practices	2 years
Friedberg 201415	Southeastern Pennsylvania Chronic Care Initiative (PACCI)	Primary care	All patients seen in participating clinics	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	64243 patients	55959 patients	3 years
Christensen 201312		Primary care	All patients seen in participating clinic	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	4090 patients†	4090 patients†	1.5 years
Hochman 201316		Primary care	All patients seen in resident clinic	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	4679 patients‡	8899 patients‡	1 year
Liss 201317§	Group Health	Primary care	Adults with diabetes, CHD, or hypertension	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	1181 patients	36757 patients	2 years
Rosenthal 20139	RI Chronic Care Sustainability Initiative	Primary care	All patients seen in participating clinics	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	31130 member months	14779 member months	2 years
Werner 201321		Primary care	Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield patients	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	10004 patients	25055 patients	1 year
Devries 201213		Primary care	Patients under 65 years	Retrospective concurrent comparator	Full	31032 patients	350015 patients	1-2 years
Fishman 201214§	Group Health	Primary care	Patients 65 and older	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Partial	1415 patients∥	1415 patients¶	2 years
Raskas 201218i**- CO	CO Multipayer PCMH	Primary care	Well point-affiliated plan members	Pre-post/concurrent comparator	Partial	6,200 patients		2 years
Raskas 201218** - NH	NH Citizens Health Initiative Multi- Stakeholder††	Primary care	Wellpoint-affiliated plan members	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Partial	10,000 patients		15 months
Rosenberg 201220		Primary care	All patients seen in participating clinics	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	23900 patients	Not stated	2 years
Reid 201019	Group Health	Primary care	All patients seen in participating clinic	Pre-post/concurrent comparator	Partial	7018 patients	200970 patients	2 years
Pay for Performance Interventions
Lemak 201532	Physician Group Incentive Program	Primary care, Specialty	Blue Cross Blue Shield of MI patients	Pre-post/concurrent comparator	Full	7774 practices	2991 practices	2-3 years
McWilliams 201533	Pioneer ACO		Random sample of FFS Medicare patients	Pre-post/concurrent comparator	Full	201,644 (post) - 566,410 (pre) patients	4.8 million (post) -14.2 million (pre) patients	1 year
Chien 201426	Alternative Quality Contract	Primary care	Blue Cross Blue Shield of MA HMO pediatric patients	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	126975 patients	415331 patients	2 years
Esse 201328		Primary care	Medicare Advantage patients	Cross-sectional analysis	Full	1225 patients	3015 patients	1 year
Calikoglu 201224	Quality-Based Reimbursement Program	Hospital	Medicare patients	Retrospective concurrent comparator	Full	~700,000 discharges annually	Details not specified	3 years
Colla 201227	Medicare Physician Group Practice Demonstration	Primary care	Medicare patients	Retrospective concurrent comparator	Full	990,177 patients	7514453 patients	5 years
Song 201231	Alternative Quality Contract	Primary care	Blue Cross Blue Shield of MA patients	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	428892 patients	1339798 patients	2 years
Chen 201025		Primary care	Patients with diabetes	Concurrent comparator	Full	30617 patients‡‡	1748 patients§§	3 years
Leitman 201029		Hospital	Inpatient admissions to 1 hospital	Pre-post/concurrent comparator	None	29535 patients	20360 patients	3 years
Ryan 200930	Premier Inc./CMS Hospital Quality Incentive Demo	Hospital	Medicare patients with AMI, HF, pneumonia, or CABG	Concurrent comparator	Full	256 PHQID hospitals	3077 control hospitals∥∥	6 years
Mixed interventions
Friedberg 201539	Northeastern Pennsylvania Chronic Care Initiative (PACCI)	Primary care	All patients seen in participating clinics	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	27 practices	29 practices	3 years
Fifield 201337		Primary care	Patients seen in participating clinics	RCT	NA	18 practices	14 practices	2 years
Claffey 201236		Primary care, specialty	Medicare Advantage patients	Concurrent comparator	None	750 patients	Not stated	3 years
Salmon 201238	Collaborative Accountable Care Initiative	Primary care, multispecialty	Cigna Health patients	Concurrent comparator	Partial	3 practices		1 year
Fagan 201035		Primary and multispecialty	Elderly patients with diabetes	Pre-post/concurrent comparator	Full	1587 patients	19356 patients	1 year
Gilfillan 201034	Proven Health Navigator	Primary care	Medicare Advantage patients	Pre-post/ concurrent comparator	Full	8634 patients	6676 patients	Up to 4 years

^*FFS=fee for service

^†Not fully reported; Quality outcomes based on survey of 4090 patients from combined intervention and comparator sites

^‡Numbers differed from pre- to post-; these are the post-intervention numbers

^§Studies describe different outcomes from the same intervention ∥1415 patients for quality outcomes and 1947 for utilization outcomes

^¶130067 patients for quality outcomes and 39396 for utilization outcomes

^**Includes three pilots; however two (CO and NH) are reported because the third site (NY) had only baseline data available

^††Full name is: NH Citizens Health Initiative Multi-Stakeholder Medical Home Pilot

^‡‡Changed over time; 30617 patients in the final year

^§§Numbers changed over time; 1748 patients in the final year

^∥∥3077 control hospitals (118 eligible nonparticipating hospitals and 2959 noneligible hospitals)