Figure 1. Effect of EAT on atrial remodeling.

(A) Masson’ trichrome staining of fibrosis in rat atria after exposure to control media (left) or EAT conditioned media (10 × magnification, scale bar = 100 μm,, arrows point to fibrotic area). (B) Scoring of subepicardial infiltration in sheep LA.¹³ Grade 0 indicated limited fibrosis without infiltration and large adipocytes; Grade 1 indicated increased fibrosis and no or limited infiltration; Grade 2 indicated increased fibrosis with infiltration and small adipocytes, and Grade 3 indicated extensive scarring and limited or no adipocytes. (C) Distribution pattern of fibro-fatty infiltration in AF sheep. Modified from Venteclef et al,¹⁰ by permission.