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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 13.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2016 May 13;118(10):1563–1576. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307474

Figure 1. Regulation of cardiac aging by autophagy.

Figure 1

Aging inhibits autophagy in cardiomyocytes through multiple mechanisms. Aging-induced suppression of autophagy induces accumulation of misfolded proteins and dysfunctional organelles, sterile infection caused by undigested mtDNA, inflammation, and lipotoxicity, thereby leading to a metabolically unhealthier environment, precipitous mitochondrial dysfunction and eventual cell death.