(A) Trends in number of competing (new and renewal) R01 awards in the extramural portfolios of NIH, NHLBI, DCVS, and VBHB during fiscal year (FY) 2010–2014. The declining trend was apparent at all levels. During this 5-year-period, NIH has awarded 17% fewer competing R01s, while NHLBI, DCVS, or VBHB awarded 22%, 29%, or 42% fewer competing R01 awards, respectively. Trends of new (B) and renewal (C) competing R01 success rates at NHLBI during 2010–2014 are shown. Competing renewal R01 applications were consistently more successful (about 2 times) than new R01s. *statistically significant with P-value of <0.05 (two-tailed proportion z-test, comparison between 2010 and 2014). Abbreviations: NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), DCVS (Division of Cardiovascular Sciences), and VBHB (Vascular Biology and Hypertension Branch).