Table 1. Stimulus properties and examples.

Valence, Arousal, and Concreteness were all pre-rated using 7-point likert scales (from “most negative” to “most positive”, “least arousing” to “most arousing”, and “abstract” to “concrete”, respectively). Frequency was defined as the log of the HAL frequency per million (Balota et al., 2007). Length was defined as the number of letters. Number of orthographic neighbors (“Orth”) and the number of wordforms that share the same constrained bigrams (“N2_C”) were drawn from the MCWord database (Medler & Binder, 2005), along with the mean log frequency of the orthographic neighbors (“Orth_F”) and the bigrams (“N2_F”). Values are listed as “mean (standard deviation)”.

	Unpleasant Low Arousal	Neutral Low Arousal	Pleasant Low Arousal	Unpleasant High Arousal	Neutral High Arousal	Pleasant High Arousal
Valence	2.26 (0.42)	4.20 (0.46)	5.40 (0.36)	1.97 (0.41)	4.12 (0.588)	5.66 (0.394)
Arousal	3.47 (0.43)	3.34 (0.38)	3.39 (0.45)	4.61 (0.56)	4.43 (0.491)	4.75 (0.490)
Frequency	7.81 (1.72)	7.98 (1.82)	8.23 (2.03)	7.91 (1.58)	7.88 (1.806)	7.86 (1.710)
Concreteness	3.82 (0.91)	4.01 (1.07)	3.92 (1.15)	3.79 (0.95)	3.87 (1.073)	3.69 (1.000)
Length	7.06 (2.18)	7.13 (1.47)	6.96 (1.98)	6.92 (1.61)	7.12 (1.546)	7.31 (1.514)
Orth	2.06 (2.78)	1.88 (3.45)	2.15 (3.15)	1.73 (3.21)	1.68 (2.844)	1.45 (2.458)
Orth_F	8.44 (19.1)	6.13 (17.3)	22.90 (50.8)	13.80 (43.4)	8.26 (21.1)	15.85 (56.9)
N2_C	110.31 (89.7)	132.94 (93.1)	111.20 (93.6)	130.75 (108.4)	124.16 (99.7)	132.07 (97.5)
N2_F	811.73 (617.2)	936.24 (678.3)	1035.03 (806.5)	1010.47 (765.7)	884.03 (600.9)	1001.64 (919.0)
Examples	Stingy	Pacify	Serenity	Atrocity	Splashed	Flourish
	Anxiety	Feminine	Loyal	Brutal	Mythical	Delicious
	Ignorance	Random	Peace	Hate	Radical	Success
	Gangster	Sculpture	Tulips	Tyrant	Spicy	Caressed
	Vomit	Apples	Sapphire	Bombs	Samurai	Fireworks
	Garbage	Coffee	Food	Murder	Alien	Champion