Peroxidases EC.1.11.X, AA2 | Single electron oxidation without oxygen transfer: [S]H2 +H2O2 ⇔ [P] + 2H2O |
Class II heme peroxidases (PODs) EC 1.11.1 | Secreted by lignin depolymerizing WR fungi; enzymes share a conserved helical fold with 2 domains forming a heme-binding cleft. |
Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) EC 1.11.1.14 | High redox potential (RP) (1.4–1.5 V) of LiP facilitates oxidation of non-aromatic compounds without a mediator; LiP exhibit broad substrate specificity with (non)aromatic compounds and catalyze cleavage of the Cα-Cβ linkages of lignin polymers; Substrate oxidation occurs via long-range electron transfer to the heme from a hydroxylated Trp residue located on the protein surface. |
Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) EC 1.11.1.13 | MnP (RP: 1.0–1.2 V) transfer one electron to Mn2+ to generate Mn3+ which upon chelation by carboxylic acids (e.g. oxalates) becomes a diffusible oxidant that abstracts electrons from aromatic compounds to generate radicals. |
Versatile Peroxidase (VP) EC 1.11.1.16, | VP (RP: 1.4–1.5 V) exhibit broad substrate specificity and combine activities of both LiP and MnP such as the high-redox potential of LiP and the Mn2+ binding pocket of MnP. |
Dye-decolorizing Peroxidases (DyP) EC 1.11.1.19 | DyP (RP: 1.2–1.5 V) are secreted peroxidases that can oxidize a broad range of aromatic compounds and compounds with conjugated double bonds; DyP are particularly known for their oxidation of various recalcitrant anthraquinone dyes; DyP natural substrates and functions are not known but they may play a role in lignin degradation despite having a lower redox potential than LiP. The structural fold of DyPs is distinct from other peroxidases as their heme binding pocket is located in a C-terminal domain. DyPs are evolutionary related to chlorite dismutases; their catalytic mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. |
Heme-thiolate Peroxygenase EC 1.11.2 | Incorporation of one oxygen from H2O2 into substrate: [S]H + H2O2 ⇔ [P]-OH + H2O |
Unspecific Peroxygenase (UPO) EC 1.11.2.1 | UPOs (RP: 0.9–1.2 V) are heme-containing enzymes with a P450 spectrum. They catalyze similar reactions than P450 monooxygenases by using the P450 “peroxide shunt” pathway. UPOs oxidize many aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic substrates. |
Chloroperoxygenase (CPO) EC 1.11.1.10 | CPOs are heme-containing enzymes with P450 characteristics that catalyzes one and two electron oxidations of halides, hydroxylation/epoxidation of benzylic carbons, double bonds of linear and cyclic alkanes, organic sulfides and halogenated substrates CPOs unlike UPOs do not oxidize aromatic ring carbons or alkanes. |
Peroxide generating enzymes | Transfer of two electrons to O2: [S] + O2 ⇔ [S]ox+ H2O2 Generate H2O2 for i) non-enzymatic generation of diffusible oxidants via Fenton chemistry and ii) various peroxidases and peroxygenases. |
Glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductase EC 1.1.X.X, AA3 | GMCs are flavin containing enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates in a first half reaction and reduce O2 to H2O2 in a second half reaction to regenerate the oxidized flavin co-factor: [S]OH +FAD + O2 ⇔ [S]O + FAD+ H2O2 GMC are a widely distributed family of extra- and intracellular enzymes that includes the aryl-alcohol -, pyranose – and methanol oxidases which generate H2O2 for lignin depolymeration. |
Aryl-Alcohol oxidase(AAO) EC 1.1.3.7 | AAO oxidize aromatic alcohols. |
Pyranose oxidase (Pox) EC1.1.3.10 | Pox xatalyzes the regioselective oxidation of aldopyranoses at the C2-position to form the corresponding keto-aldoses. Located in the periplasmic space of fungal hyphae. |
Copper radical oxidase (CRO) EC 1.1.3, AA5 | Reaction: [S]O + 2O2 ⇔ [S]OOH + H2O2 CROs fall into several subfamilies that are widely distributed in Basidiomycota. Functions of most subfamilies uncharacterized |
Glyoxyl oxidase (GLX) EC 1.1.3.1 | GLC oxidize simple aldehydes to hydroxyl-carbonyls to generate small organic acids as Mn3+ chelators. Their active site is similar to those of galactose oxidase |
Multi-copper oxidase EC 1.10.3.X, AA1 | Catalyze 4 electron reduction of O2 to H2O: 4 [S]OH + O2 ⇔ 4[S]O + 2H2O |
Laccase (LAC) EC 1.10.3.2 | LAC contain 4 copper ions of three different types; three copper ions form a trinuclear cluster LACs have moderate redox potentials (RP: 0.4–0.8 V) allowing them to abstract electrons from phenolic compounds to generate phenoxy radicals. LACs catalyze the oxidation of non-phenolic compounds in the presence of mediators |
Benzoquinone reductase (BQR) EC 1.6.5.6, AA6 | FAD-containing intracellular oxidoreductase that reduces benzoquinones to the corresponding alcohols to fuel extracellular quinone redox cycling for H2O2 and radical generation: benzoquinone + NADPH + H+ ⇔ hydroquinone+ NADP++ H2O |
P450 monoxygenase | P450s incorporate oxygen from molecular oxygen into a wide range of substrates: [S] + O2 + NADPH2 ⇔ [P]O + NADP + H2O P450s oxidize unreactive carbons and a play major role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and secondary metabolism. P450 families have been greatly expanded in Basidiomyctoa. |
Dioxygenases | Dioxygenases transfer two oxygens from molecular oxygen into substrates: [S] + O2 + NADPH2 ⇔ [P]O2 Lipoxygenases (LOX) are a class of non-heme iron containing oxidoreductases that typically catalyze the regio- and stereoselective insertion of molecular oxygen into cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce compounds involved in signaling and defense. LOX in Basidiomycota are responsible for the generation of oxygenated C8 volatiles that generate the typical mushroom odor. |