Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), developmental delay without ASD (DD), and Control Subjects. Early Markers for Autism (EMA) Study, births 2000, 2001.
| Controls (N = 159) | Children with ASD (N = 84) | Children with DD (N = 49) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baby characteristics | N | % | N | % | P-valuea | N | % | P-valuea |
| GENDER | ||||||||
| Male | 139 | 87.42 | 73 | 86.90 | 0.91 | 29 | 59.18 | < 0.0001 |
| Female | 20 | 12.58 | 11 | 13.10 | 20 | 40.82 | ||
| BIRTH YEAR | ||||||||
| 2000 | 31 | 19.5 | 23 | 27.38 | 0.16 | 26 | 53.06 | < 0.0001 |
| 2001 | 128 | 80.5 | 61 | 72.62 | 23 | 46.94 | ||
| Birth Month | 0.96 | 0.01 | ||||||
| PLURALITY | ||||||||
| Singleton | 156 | 98.11 | 81 | 96.43 | 0.42 | 47 | 95.92 | 0.34 |
| Multiple | 3.00 | 1.81 | 3 | 3.57 | 2 | 4.08 | ||
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | P-valueb | Mean | (SD) | P-valueb | |
| Gestational age at birth (days) | 271.01 | (14.27) | 272.12 | (18.47) | 0.63 | 266.33 | (28.12) | 0.27 |
| Birth weight | 3348.1 | (616.09) | 3416.1 | (699.1) | 0.44 | 2897.7 | (827.22) | 0.0008 |
| Days between birth and blood draw | 1.46 | (0.94) | 1.48 | (0.71) | 0.80 | 1.92 | (1.43) | 0.036 |
| Protein concentration in newborn specimen (ug/ml) | 6520.3 | (1377.2) | 6495.5 | (1222.1) | 0.89 | 6404.4 | (1551.5) | 0.62 |
| Maternal characteristics | N | % | N | % | P-valuea | N | % | P-valuea |
| MATERNAL RACE/ETHNICITY | ||||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 53 | 33.33 | 37 | 44.05 | 0.0005 | 9 | 18.37 | 0.43 |
| White Hispanic: US Born | 13 | 8.18 | 10 | 11.9 | 5 | 10.20 | ||
| White Hispanic: Not US Born | 60 | 37.74 | 10 | 11.9 | 23 | 46.94 | ||
| Black | 1 | 0.63 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.04 | ||
| Asian | 28 | 17.61 | 19 | 22.62 | 9 | 18.37 | ||
| Other | 4 | 2.52 | 8 | 9.52 | 2 | 4.08 | ||
| MATERNAL AGE | ||||||||
| < 20 | 9 | 5.66 | 2 | 2.38 | 0.004 | 3 | 6.12 | 0.90 |
| 20–24 | 33 | 20.75 | 7 | 8.33 | 8 | 16.33 | ||
| 25–29 | 48 | 30.19 | 18 | 21.43 | 18 | 36.73 | ||
| 30–34 | 51 | 32.08 | 38 | 45.24 | 14 | 28.57 | ||
| 35+ | 18 | 11.32 | 19 | 22.62 | 6 | 12.24 | ||
| MATERNAL EDUCATION | ||||||||
| < High school | 49 | 30.82 | 7 | 8.43 | < 0.0001 | 22 | 44.90 | 0.23 |
| High school graduate | 39 | 24.53 | 15 | 18.07 | 9 | 18.37 | ||
| College | 46 | 28.93 | 40 | 48.19 | 14 | 28.57 | ||
| Post graduate | 25 | 15.72 | 21 | 25.3 | 4 | 8.16 | ||
| PARITY | ||||||||
| Primiparous | 67 | 42.14 | 42 | 50.00 | 0.24 | 16 | 37.65 | 0.24 |
| Multiparous | 92 | 59.86 | 42 | 50.00 | 33 | 67.35 | ||
| INTER-LIVEBIRTH INTERVAL (MONTHS) | ||||||||
| 0–12 | 16 | 17.58 | 8 | 20.00 | 0.68 | 4 | 12.50 | 0.52 |
| 13–24 | 19 | 20.88 | 10 | 25.00 | 10 | 31.25 | ||
| 25–60 | 31 | 34.07 | 15 | 37.50 | 12 | 37.50 | ||
| >60 | 25 | 27.47 | 7 | 17.50 | 6 | 18.75 | ||
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | P-valueb | Mean | (SD) | P-valueb | |
| Gestational age at blood draw (days) | 118.78 | 119.76 | 0.35 | 118.37 | 0.75 | |||
| Mother's weight at XAFP blood draw (lbs) | 146.89 | (33.78) | 145.07 | (26.72) | 0.65 | 150.3 | (39.3) | 0.56 |
a
Chi-square test of association, comparing to controls.
b
t-test for equality of means, comparing to controls.