Table 1.

Environmental risk factors for SCC

Skin	UV exposure □ Sun sensitivity (low melanin) □ A history of excessive sun exposure □ Use of tanning beds Immunosuppressive therapies □ Calcineurin inhibitors A history of skin cancer □ Recurrence rate Infection □ HPV
Lung	Cigarette □ History of smoking (quantity, type and duration) □ Exposure to second hand smoke Radon gas Asbestos (especially among smokers) Metals □ Arsenic, cadmium, chromium Organic solvents Radiation Air pollution (e.g. diesel exhaust) Infection □, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Miscellaneous □ Rubber manufacturing, paving, roofing, painting, and chimney sweeping
Head/Neck and Esophageal	Cigarette □ History of smoking (quantity, type and duration) Alcohol □ History of drinking (quantity and duration) Nutritional deficiencies □ Vitamins, minerals Infection □ HPV □ EBV
Cervical	Infection □ HPV Miscellaneous Exacerbated by immunosuppressed state, cigarette-smoking, high number of childbirths, long-term oral contraceptive use