Table 2.
Pooled hazard ratios (95% CI) for incident hypertension for total consumption of potatoes (baked, boiled, or mashed potatoes and French fries) in Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study II, and Health Professional Follow-up Study
| Consumption levels | Linear P for trend | P for heterogeneity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤1 per month | 1-3 per month | 1-3 per week | 4-6 per week | ≥1 per day | |||
| Nurses’ Health Study | |||||||
| Cases/person years | 291/10 480 | 4527/143 881 | 18 286/516 243 | 12 085/344 911 | 539/18 743 | ||
| Multivariate adjusted HR† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.13) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.18) | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.23) | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.24) | <0.001 | |
| Nurses’ Health Study II | |||||||
| Cases/person years | 156/13 108 | 2065/127 696 | 13 635/752 459 | 8947/430 729 | 443/20 484 | ||
| Multivariate adjusted HR† | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.88 to 1.22) | 1.13 (0.96 to 1.32) | 1.23 (1.04 to 1.44) | 1.42 (1.18 to 1.72) | <0.001 | |
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study | |||||||
| Cases/person years | 156/6004 | 1918/67 267 | 7958/261 776 | 6304/209 045 | 416/16 138 | ||
| Multivariate adjusted HR† | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.16) | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.19) | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.16) | 0.20 | |
| Pooled results | |||||||
| HR with random effect model | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.22) | 1.13 (0.91 to 1.40) | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| HR with fixed effect model | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.20) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.24) | <0.001 | |
*Follow-up from 1984 to 2012.
†Hazard ration adjusted for age, race/ethnicity (white, African-American, Asian, Hispanic, other), body mass index, current smoking status, physical activity, weight change per food frequency questionnaire cycle, menopausal status (in NHS and NHS II), alcohol intake, current oral contraceptive use (in NHS II), analgesic use (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen (paracetamol), aspirin), family history of hypertension, total energy intake, animal flesh intake (combination of processed and unprocessed red meat, poultry, and seafood), whole grains (fifths), sugar sweetened drink intake, artificially sweetened diet drink intake, total fruit, total vegetables.
‡Follow-up from 1991 to 2011.
§Follow-up from 1986 to 2012.