Table 2.
Hip flexion |
Knee flexion |
Ankle dorsiflexion |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Max | Min3 | SD | Mean | Max | Min3 | SD | Mean | Max | Min3 | SD | ||
Cognitive task | Dof | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 |
F ratio | 12.07 | 36.29 | 8.16 | 79.17 | 28.17 | 29.44 | 4.69 | 20.42 | 13.85 | 6.52 | 36.36 | 13.24 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
NW | 2.3 (0.5)A | 22.0 (0.5)A | –18.3 (0.5)B | 13.3 (0.2)A | 25.2 (0.5)A | 67.6 (0.7)A | 0.7 (0.4)A | 22.1 (0.2)A | −0.3 (0.4)B | 14.4 (0.5)B | −13.9 (0.6)B | 8.6 (0.1)A | |
1-back | 1.1 (0.3)B | 19.5 (0.3)B | –17.3 (0.3)A | 12.2 (0.1)B | 23.8 (0.4)B | 65.4 (0.5)B | 0.2 (0.3)B | 21.6 (0.1)B | 0.4 (0.3)A | 15.1 (0.3)A | −11.99 (0.5)A | 8.4 (0.1)B | |
3-back | 1.2 (0.3)B | 19.3 (0.4)B | –17.0 (0.3)A | 11.9 (0.1)B | 23.4 (0.4)B | 64.4 (0.5)C | 0.3 (0.3)B | 21.3 (0.2)C | 0.5 (0.3)A | 14.9 (0.3)A | −11.5 (0.4)A | 8.2 (0.1)B | |
Road condition | Dof | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 | 2,288 |
F ratio | 22.2 | 25.59 | 16.2 | 0.56 | 3.58 | 4.42 | 12.21 | 6.40 | 2.65 | 19.97 | 1.67 | 31.01 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.57 | 0.029 | 0.013 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.073 | <0.001 | 0.189 | <0.001 | |
Wide | 0.6 (0.3)B | 18.9 (0.4)B | –18.2 (0.3)B | 12.2 (0.1)A | 23.6 (0.4)B | 65.0 (0.5)B | −0.3 (0.3)B | 21.5 (0.2)B | 0.3 (0.2)A | 15.3 (0.4)A | −12.6 (0.5)A | 8.7 (0.1)A | |
Narrow | 2.4 (0.3)A | 21.2 (0.4)A | –16.2 (0.4)A | 12.2 (0.2)A | 24.1 (0.4)AB | 65.3 (0.6)AB | 1.0 (0.3)A | 21.4 (0.2)B | 0.2 (0.3)A | 14.2 (0.4)B | −11.8 (0.5)A | 8.0 (0.1)B | |
Obstacle | 1.1 (0.3)B | 19.7 (0.4)B | –17.7 (0.4)B | 12.3 (0.1)A | 24.1 (0.4)A | 66.1 (0.6)A | 0.2 (0.3)B | 21.8 (0.2)A | 0.4 (0.3)A | 15.1 (0.4)A | −12.0 (0.5)A | 8.5 (0.1)A | |
Interactions | Dof | 4,288 | 4,288 | 4,288 | 4,288 | 4,288 | 4,288 | 4,288 | 4,288 | 4,288 | 4,288 | 2,288 | 4,288 |
F ratio | 2.2 | 0.44 | 4.21 | 3.58 | 0.72 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 1.82 | 1.36 | 1.49 | 4.02 | 5.70 | |
p-value | 0.0693 | 0.777 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.577 | 0.6 | 0.4845 | 0.125 | 0.2491 | 15.1 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
1Values are presented as mean (SE) in degree unit. Repeated measures ANOVA with participants as a random effect and cognitive task, road condition as fixed effects. 2The groupings based on the post hoc analyses are indicated by the superscript and ranked in a descending order such as A > B > C. The same superscript means no significant difference. 3Negative values of the minimum gait parameter represent hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantar-flexion, respectively. All p-value numbers smaller than 0.05 are bold.