. 2016 May 18;10:92. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00092

Table 2.

Summary of lower-extremity joint kinematics in the sagittal plane for rANOVA main effects and p-values for the interactions^1,2.

		Hip flexion				Knee flexion				Ankle dorsiflexion
		Mean	Max	Min³	SD	Mean	Max	Min³	SD	Mean	Max	Min³	SD
Cognitive task	Dof	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288
	F ratio	12.07	36.29	8.16	79.17	28.17	29.44	4.69	20.42	13.85	6.52	36.36	13.24
	p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.01	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	<0.001	<0.001
	NW	2.3 (0.5)^A	22.0 (0.5)^A	–18.3 (0.5)^B	13.3 (0.2)^A	25.2 (0.5)^A	67.6 (0.7)^A	0.7 (0.4)^A	22.1 (0.2)^A	−0.3 (0.4)^B	14.4 (0.5)^B	−13.9 (0.6)^B	8.6 (0.1)^A
	1-back	1.1 (0.3)^B	19.5 (0.3)^B	–17.3 (0.3)^A	12.2 (0.1)^B	23.8 (0.4)^B	65.4 (0.5)^B	0.2 (0.3)^B	21.6 (0.1)^B	0.4 (0.3)^A	15.1 (0.3)^A	−11.99 (0.5)^A	8.4 (0.1)^B
	3-back	1.2 (0.3)^B	19.3 (0.4)^B	–17.0 (0.3)^A	11.9 (0.1)^B	23.4 (0.4)^B	64.4 (0.5)^C	0.3 (0.3)^B	21.3 (0.2)^C	0.5 (0.3)^A	14.9 (0.3)^A	−11.5 (0.4)^A	8.2 (0.1)^B

Road condition	Dof	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288	2,288
	F ratio	22.2	25.59	16.2	0.56	3.58	4.42	12.21	6.40	2.65	19.97	1.67	31.01
	p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.57	0.029	0.013	<0.001	0.002	0.073	<0.001	0.189	<0.001
	Wide	0.6 (0.3)^B	18.9 (0.4)^B	–18.2 (0.3)^B	12.2 (0.1)^A	23.6 (0.4)^B	65.0 (0.5)^B	−0.3 (0.3)^B	21.5 (0.2)^B	0.3 (0.2)^A	15.3 (0.4)^A	−12.6 (0.5)^A	8.7 (0.1)^A
	Narrow	2.4 (0.3)^A	21.2 (0.4)^A	–16.2 (0.4)^A	12.2 (0.2)^A	24.1 (0.4)^AB	65.3 (0.6)^AB	1.0 (0.3)^A	21.4 (0.2)^B	0.2 (0.3)^A	14.2 (0.4)^B	−11.8 (0.5)^A	8.0 (0.1)^B
	Obstacle	1.1 (0.3)^B	19.7 (0.4)^B	–17.7 (0.4)^B	12.3 (0.1)^A	24.1 (0.4)^A	66.1 (0.6)^A	0.2 (0.3)^B	21.8 (0.2)^A	0.4 (0.3)^A	15.1 (0.4)^A	−12.0 (0.5)^A	8.5 (0.1)^A

Interactions	Dof	4,288	4,288	4,288	4,288	4,288	4,288	4,288	4,288	4,288	4,288	2,288	4,288
	F ratio	2.2	0.44	4.21	3.58	0.72	0.87	0.87	1.82	1.36	1.49	4.02	5.70
	p-value	0.0693	0.777	0.003	0.007	0.577	0.6	0.4845	0.125	0.2491	15.1	0.003	<0.001

¹Values are presented as mean (SE) in degree unit. Repeated measures ANOVA with participants as a random effect and cognitive task, road condition as fixed effects. ²The groupings based on the post hoc analyses are indicated by the superscript and ranked in a descending order such as A > B > C. The same superscript means no significant difference. ³Negative values of the minimum gait parameter represent hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantar-flexion, respectively. All p-value numbers smaller than 0.05 are bold.