Table 3.
Summary of changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal pole area for rANOVA main effects and p-values for the interactions1,2.
| Δ HbO concentration |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | P10 | P90 | Range | ||||||||||
| Cognitive task | Dof | 2,998 | 2,998 | 2,998 | 2,998 | ||||||||
| F ratio | 56.18 | 22.41 | 47.99 | 33.50 | |||||||||
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| NW | −0.16 (0.07)A | −0.81 (0.08)A | 0.53 (0.08)A | 1.34 (0.06)A | |||||||||
| 1-back | −0.90 (0.06)C | −1.40 (0.06)C | −0.31 (0.06)C | 1.10 (0.05)B | |||||||||
| 3-back | −0.65 (0.06)B | −1.12 (0.06)B | −0.10 (0.06)B | 1.02 (0.03)B | |||||||||
| Road condition | Dof | 2,998 | 2,998 | 2,998 | 2,998 | ||||||||
| F ratio | 17.99 | 23.38 | 12.61 | 5.45 | |||||||||
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |||||||||
| Wide | −0.72 (0.05)B | −1.21 (0.06)B | −0.15 (0.07)B | 1.06 (0.04)B | |||||||||
| Narrow | −0.43 (0.06)A | −0.95 (0.07)A | 0.17 (0.07)A | 1.11 (0.05)B | |||||||||
| Obstacle | −0.81 (0.07)B | −1.35 (0.07)C | −0.18 (0.07)B | 1.17 (0.04)A | |||||||||
| Time | Dof | 2,998 | 2,998 | 2,998 | 2,998 | ||||||||
| F ratio | 24.96 | 11.08 | 77.50 | 106.03 | |||||||||
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| 25-45 s | −0.41 (0.05)A | −1.06 (0.06)A | 0.44 (0.05)A | 1.50 (0.05)A | |||||||||
| 45-65 s | −0.79(0.07)B | −1.24 (0.07)B | −0.32 (0.07)B | 0.92 (0.03)B | |||||||||
| 65-85 s | −0.76 (0.07)B | −1.21 (0.07)B | −0.28 (0.08)B | 0.93 (0.05)B | |||||||||
| Interactions | |||||||||||||
| Task × Road | Dof | 4,998 | 4,998 | 4,998 | 4,998 | ||||||||
| F ratio | 2.25 | 2.76 | 1.31 | 1.17 | |||||||||
| p-value | 0.062 | 0.027 | 0.264 | 0.322 | |||||||||
| Task × Time | Dof | 4,998 | 4,998 | 4,998 | 4,998 | ||||||||
| F ratio | 1.88 | 2.92 | 0.83 | 4.31 | |||||||||
| p-value | 0.112 | 0.021 | 0.504 | 0.002 | |||||||||
| Task × Time | Dof | 4,998 | 4,998 | 4,998 | 4,998 | ||||||||
| F ratio | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.76 | 0.29 | |||||||||
| p-value | 0.794 | 0.784 | 0.550 | 0.886 | |||||||||
1Values are presented as mean (SE) in μmol.cm unit. Repeated measures ANOVA with participants as a random effect and cognitive task, road condition, and time as fixed effects. 2For each dependent variable, the groupings based on the post hoc analyses are indicated by the superscript and ranked in a descending order such as A > B > C. The same superscript means no significant difference. All p-value numbers smaller than 0.05 are bold.