Fig. 5.

BPH-1 cells were pretreated with inhibitors of signaling molecules before treatment with T. vaginalis. Production of cytokines was measured in supernatant of cells pretreated with inhibitors of ROS, MAPK, NF-κB, JAK2, and PI3K, and with anti-TLR4 antibody. Cytokine production by BPH-1 incubated with T. vaginalis was significantly increased compared with that of BPH-1 alone (^*P<0.05). ^†P<0.05 vs BPH-1 cells treated with T. vaginalis.