Table 1.

Characteristics of all studies included*

WHO region	Country, publication year	Study population	Healthcare setting	Severity of pneumonia studied	Study design	Source of case definition	Perspective	Sample size	Mean (SD) /median age of patients (months)	Data source
High–income countries (number of studies = 8)
EUR	Northern Ireland, 1999 [39]1	Antrim (urban)	H2	S	QES	PD	N/A–	45	39.60 (16.8)	H
	Spain, 2013 [17]	Barcelona (urban)	H3	S, VS	Cost analysis‡	Culture–proved pneumonia	Healthcare	101	39.60	H
	Germany, 2005 [16]	National	O,H1	S, VS	Cost–of–illness	PD	Societal	402	N/A	N, IQ
AMR	Chile, Uruguay, 2007 [12]	National	O,H1	S, NS	Cost analysis‡	PD, ICD–10	Healthcare	366	N/A	H,IQ
	United States, 2012*	Denver, Colorado (urban)	H3	S, VS, NS	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	940	0–59	H, P
WPR	Australia, 2008 [15]	National	O, H1–3	S	Cost analysis‡	ICD–10	Healthcare	1348	N/A	N
	Australia, 2008 [14]	Melbourne, Victoria (urban)	O,H1	S	Cohort study/cost–of–illness	Health professional’s diagnosis	Societal	528	N/A	N,H,IQ, Pilot
	Australia, 2011*	Sydney (urban)	H3	S, VS	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	N/A	N/A	P, Market price
Low– and middle–income countries (number of studies = 27)
SEAR	Bangladesh, 2010 [26]	Dhaka (urban)	H3	S	Cost–of–illness	PD	Family	90	5.00	IQ
	Bangladesh, 2005†	Dhaka (urban)	H3	S, VS	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Household	114	70.32	IQ
	Bangladesh, 2010 [24]	Mirpur, Dhaka (urban)	O, H2	S	RCT/CEA	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	360	8.00	–
	Bangladesh, 2010†	Barishal, Bogra, Comilla, Kishoregonj (urban)	H3	S, NS	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	235	N/A	IQ
	Bangladesh, 2012†	Mohakhali, Dhaka (urban)	H3	S, VS, NS	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	340	N/A	H
	India, 2009 [30]	Vellore (rural)	H1, H2	S	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Healthcare/ Household	56	8.8	H, IQ
	India, 2002 [29]	Berhampur, Orissa (urban and rural)	H3	S	Epidemiological study	PD	Societal	52	N/A	H, IQ
	Indonesia, 2001†	Lombok (rural)	H3	S	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	N/A	N/A	H
	Pakistan, 2003 [25]	Peshawar city (urban)	H3	S	RCT/CEA	PD by WHO IMCI definition	–	126	N/A	–
	Pakistan, 2006 [20]	Ghizer district (rural)	O, H1, H2	S, NS	Cost analysis‡	PD	Societal	502	N/A	IQ
	Pakistan, 2008 [19]	Ghizer district (rural)	O, H1, H2	S, VS, NS	Cost analysis‡	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Healthcare	141	N/A	IQ
	Pakistan, 2010†	Matiari (rural)	C	S	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Healthcare	N/A	N/A	Surveillance
	Pakistan, 2012 [23]	Haripur district (rural)	C, H1, H2	S	Cost analysis‡	WHO definition by health worker	Household	423	N/A	H, IQ
	Viet Nam, 2010 [18]	Nha Trang city (urban)	H2	S, VS, NS	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Healthcare	788	12.67	N, H
	Viet Nam, 2001 [28]	Ba Vi district (rural)	C, O, H1	S	Cost analysis‡	WHO definition, self–reported	Household	94	N/A	IQ
AFR	Guinea, 1998 [21]	National	O, H1	S, NS	CEA	PD	–	73650	N/A	H, E
	South Africa, 2011 [33]	Pretoria (urban)	H3	S, VS	Cost analysis‡	WHO definition	–	3014	N/A	H
	South Africa, 2012 [22]	National	H3	S, VS, NS	RCT	PD	Societal/health care	745	N/A	H, IQ
	South Africa, 2001†	Soweto (urban)	H3	S, VS	Cost–of–illness	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	509	14.00	H,IQ
	Kenya, 2009 [32]	National	H3, H2, H1	S	Cost analysis‡	PD	Societal	205	12.00	H, IQ
	Zambia, 2009 [31]	Kanyama Township (urban)	O,H2	S	Cost analysis‡	PD	Healthcare	9146	N/A	N,H,P,W
AMR	Colombia, 2013 [27]	National	H1,H2,H3	S, VS, NS	Cost–of–illness§	WHO definition, radiographically diagnosed	Healthcare	1545	N/A	I
	Brazil, 2011†	Goiânia (urban)	H3	S, VS	Cost–of–illness§	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	79	0–36	H, N
	Argentina, 2012†	Buenos Aires (urban)	H3	S, VS	Cost–of–illness§	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal	N/A	N/A	N
	Brazil,2007 [12]	National	O,H1	S, NS	Cost analysis‡	PD, ICD–10	Healthcare	366	N/A	H,IQ
WPR	Fiji, 2012 [34]	Viti Levu (urban and rural)	O	S	Cost analysis‡	PD by WHO IMCI definition	Societal/household	390	N/A	N,H, IQ
EMR	Jordan, 2010 [35]	Amman	H1	S	Cohort study	PD	–	728	4.30	N/A

*Severity of pneumonia: NS – non severe, S – severe, VS – very severe. Data source: H – hospital records, N – national data, IQ – interviews and questionnaires, I – insurance database, P – pharmacy database, W – WHO database. Treatment settings: H3 – tertiary hospital in–patient, H2–secondary hospital in–patient, H1 – primary hospital inpatient, O – out–patient care, C – community ambulatory care; PD – physician’s diagnosis, CEA – cost effectiveness analysis, RCT – randomized clinical trial, QES– quasi–experimental study, N/A – not available, PD – physician’s diagnosis, IMCI – Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, WHO – World Health Organization, SD – standard deviation.

EUR – Europe Region, AMR – the Americas Region, WPR – Western Pacific Region, SEAR – South East Asia, AFR– The Africa Region, EMR– Eastern Mediterranean Region

†Unpublished data.

‡The analysis of the comparative costs of alternative treatments or health care programmes.

§The cost analysis of treatment of a disease.