Table 4. Hierarchical regression analyses for psychosocial resources predicting depression.

Variables	Step 1(β)	Step 2(β)		Step 3(β)
		Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Covariates
Age	0.014	0.006	0.018	0.036	0.040
Gender	0.038	0.048	0.049	0.048	0.049
Education1	0.145**	0.052	0.052	0.019	0.016
Education2	0.171**	0.105*	0.113*	0.027	0.029
Time since diagnosis	-0.123**	-0.053	-0.048	-0.020	-0.016
Cancer stage	0.076	0.048	0.045	0.038	0.036
Predictors (external)
Perceived social support		-0.378***		-0.127**
Perceived social support-others			-		-
Perceived social support-family			-0.384***		-0.143**
Perceived social support-friend			-		-
Predictors (internal)
Hope				-0.077	-0.076
Optimism				-0.304***	-0.301***
Resilience				-0.244***	-0.241***
F	4.544***	15.389***	15.770***	27.116***	27.507***
R2	0.054	0.183	0.187	0.362	0.365
Adj.R2	0.042	0.171	0.175	0.349	0.352
R2-changes	0.054	0.129	0.133	0.179	0.179

β = standardized regression coefficient; Education1 = Middle school or below vs. Junior college or above; Education2 = High school vs. Junior college or above; Adj.R² = adjusted R².

* p < 0.05

** p < 0.01

*** p < 0.001

There were two models (Model 1 and Model 2) in Step 2. Total score of social support was added in Model 1, and three subscales (i.e., others, friend and family) were added in Model 2 adjusted by the stepwise regression due to the high correlations among the MSPSS subscales