Table 6. Hierarchical regression analyses for psychosocial resources predicting PTSD.

Variables	Step 1(β)	Step 2(β)		Step 3(β)
		Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Covariates
Age	0.029	0.021	0.033	0.041	0.046
Gender	0.012	0.021	0.023	0.022	0.023
Education1	0.142**	0.047	0.047	0.012	0.010
Education2	0.167**	0.100*	0.108*	0.029	0.032
Time since diagnosis	-0.150**	-0.079	-0.074	-0.050	-0.046
Cancer stage	0.098*	0.070	0.067	0.062	0.060
Predictors (external)
Perceived social support		-0.384***		-0.154**
Perceived social support-others			-		-
Perceived social support-family			-0.390***		-0.170***
Perceived social support-friend			-		-
Predictors (internal)
Hope				-0.153**	-0.153**
Optimism				-0.263***	-0.260***
Resilience				-0.156**	-0.153**
F	5.718***	17.128***	17.532***	25.318***	25.759***
R2	0.066	0.200	0.203	0.346	0.350
Adj.R2	0.055	0.188	0.192	0.333	0.337
R2-changes	0.066	0.133	0.137	0.147	0.147

β = standardized regression coefficient; Education1 = Middle school or below vs. Junior college or above; Education2 = High school vs. Junior college or above; Adj.R² = adjusted R².

* p < 0.05

** p < 0.01

*** p < 0.001

There were two models (Model 1 and Model 2) in Step 2. Total score of social support was added in Model 1, and three subscales (i.e., others, friend and family) were added in Model 2 adjusted by the stepwise regression due to the high correlations among the MSPSS subscales