Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of study sample and for the different trajectory groups
| Trajectory group |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 430) | Resilient (n = 223) | Distressed (n = 164) | Depressed (n = 43) | p | Post-hoc a | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years, mean (s.d.) | 78.2 (8.8) | 78.5 (8.4) | 78.2 (8.9) | 76.5 (10.1) | 0.40 | |
| Education, years, mean (s.d.) | 13.2 (2.9) | 13.2 (2.9) | 13.0 (2.8) | 13.6 (3.0) | 0.46 | |
| Gender, n (% female) | 325 (75.8) | 168 (75.3) | 123 (75.0) | 34 (79.1) | 0.85 | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Caucasian | 403 (93.7) | 208 (93.2) | 155 (94.5) | 40 (93.0) | 0.67 | |
| African American | 24 (5.6) | 12 (5.4) | 9 (5.5) | 3 (7.0) | ||
| Asian | 3 (0.7) | 3 (1.4) | – | – | ||
| Living arrangement, n (%)b | ||||||
| Home | 412 (95.8) | 215 (96.4) | 157 (95.7) | 40 (93.0) | 0.52 | |
| Rehab, SNF, ALF | 18 (4.2) | 8 (3.6) | 7 (4.3) | 3 (7.0) | ||
| Mobility | ||||||
| Ambulatory status, n (%)c | ||||||
| Community ambulator | 403 (93.9) | 211 (95.5) | 153 (93.3) | 39 (90.7) | 0.42 | |
| Household ambulator | 26 (6.1) | 11 (5.0) | 11 (6.7) | 4 (9.3) | ||
| Assistive devices, n (%)c | ||||||
| No assistive device | 311 (72.5) | 165 (74.3) | 120 (73.2) | 26 (60.5) | 0.23 | |
| Use cane | 61 (14.2) | 33 (14.9) | 19 (11.6) | 9 (20.9) | ||
| Use walker | 57 (13.3) | 24 (10.8) | 25 (15.2) | 8 (18.6) | ||
| Health | ||||||
| CIRS-G co-morbidities, mean (s.d.) | 12.6 (3.7) | 11.9 (3.5) | 13.3 (3.8) | 13.7 (4.1) | <0.001 | Dep/Dis > R |
| Antidepressant use, n (% yes) | 88 (20.7) | 36 (16.4) | 35 (21.3) | 17 (40.5) | 0.002 | Dep > Dis/R |
| Antipsychotic use, n (% yes) | 99 (23.3) | 47 (21.5) | 41 (25.0) | 11 (26.2) | 0.65 | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Current | 51 (11.9) | 18 (8.1) | 23 (14.1) | 10 (23.3) | 0.02 | Dep > Res |
| Past | 208 (48.5) | 105 (47.1) | 83 (50.9) | 20 (46.5) | ||
| Never | 170 (39.6) | 100 (44.8) | 57 (35.0) | 13 (30.2) | ||
| Hospitalization | ||||||
| Days to surgery, mean (s.d.) | 1.6 (1.7) | 1.8 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.8) | 1.2 (0.7) | 0.07 | |
| Length of stay, mean (s.d.) | 5.5 (4.8) | 5.0 (2.2) | 5.7 (5.6) | 7.3 (8.6) | 0.02 | Dep > Dis/R |
| Type of fracture, n (%) | ||||||
| Femoral neck fracture | 218 (51.4) | 121 (55.0) | 84 (52.2) | 13 (30.2) | 0.02 | Dep < Dis/R |
| Intertrochanteric | 165 (38.9) | 76 (34.5) | 66 (41.0) | 23 (53.5) | ||
| sub-trochanteric and other | 41 (9.7) | 23 (10.5) | 11 (6.8) | 7 (16.3) | ||
| Type of surgery, n (%) | ||||||
| Total hip/hemiarthroplasty | 172 (40.2) | 96 (43.4) | 67 (40.9) | 9 (20.9) | 0.02 | Dep < Dis/R |
| Internal fixation with screws | 101 (23.6) | 57 (25.8) | 31 (18.9) | 13 (30.2) | ||
| Otherd | 155 (36.2) | 68 (30.8) | 66 (40.2) | 21 (48.9) | ||
| Emotion-related assessments | ||||||
| Anxiety traitse,f | ||||||
| Relaxed, mean (s.d.) | 3.3 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.1) | <0.001 | Dep/Dis > R |
| Worried, mean (s.d.) | 2.3 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.2) | <0.001 | Dep > Dis > R |
| Tense, mean (s.d.) | 2.3 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.3) | 3.0 (1.4) | <0.001 | Dep > Dis > R |
| Duke social support Index | ||||||
| Instrumental support, mean (s.d.) | 9.9 (2.1) | 10.0 (2.0) | 9.9 (2.2) | 9.4 (2.0) | 0.30 | |
| Social interaction, mean (s.d.) | 6.3 (2.4) | 6.5 (2.4) | 6.2 (2.4) | 5.7(2.0) | 0.12 | |
| Social network, mean (s.d.) | 5.3 (4.2) | 5.2 (4.2) | 5.3 (4.2) | 5.5 (4.5) | 0.91 | |
| Subjective support, mean (s.d.) | 10.3 (2.0) | 9.9 (1.6) | 10.5 (2.1) | 11.5 (2.9) | <0.001 | Dep > Dis > R |
| GALES stress rating, mean (s.d.)g | 2.7 (2.9) | 2.0 (2.4) | 3.1 (3.0) | 4.5 (3.6) | <0.001 | Dep > Dis > R |
| MADRS, mean (s.d.)h | 3.2 (4.4) | 1.5 (2.0) | 4.6 (4.8) | 7.4 (6.7) | <0.001 | Dep > Dis > R |
| History of depression, n (% yes)i | 61 (14.4) | 17 (7.7) | 30 (18.4) | 14 (35.0) | <0.001 | Dep/Dis > R |
| Cognition | ||||||
| Short Blessed Test, mean (s.d.) | 4.6 (3.3) | 4.3 (3.3) | 4.9 (3.2) | 5.2 (3.5) | 0.07 | |
| Recovery assessments | ||||||
| Functional Recovery Score | ||||||
| BADL score, mean (s.d.) | 43.7 (1.8) | 43.7 (1.6) | 43.5 (2.3) | 44.0 (0.0) | 0.27 | |
| IADL score, mean (s.d.) | 21.4 (3.0) | 21.6 (3.1) | 21.2 (3.1) | 21.0 (2.3) | 0.25 | |
| Mobility score, mean (s.d.) | 30.9 (3.8) | 31.2 (3.6) | 30.8 (3.6) | 29.8 (5.1) | 0.08 | |
| Total score, mean (s.d.) | 96.0 (6.8) | 96.5 (6.6) | 95.5 (7.1) | 94.8 (6.6) | 0.16 | |
| Pain rating scale, mean (s.d.)j | 3.3 (2.8) | 2.9 (2.8) | 3.4 (2.8) | 4.3 (2.5) | 0.01 | Dep > Dis/R |
ALF, Assisted living facility; BADLs, basic activities of daily living; CIRS-G, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics; Dep, Depressed trajectory group; Dis, Distressed trajectory group; IADLs, instrumental activities of daily living; GALES, Geriatric Adverse Life Events Scale; MADRS, Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale; R, resilient; Rehab, rehabilitation facility; s.d., standard deviation; SNF, skilled nursing facility.
Significant χ2 tests were further evaluated to compare cell counts using a z test and Bonferroni correction.
Place of residence at time of fracture.
Participants reported on their pre-fracture functional status.
Other: sliding hip screw, intramedullary nail or specific implant.
Participants reported on their emotions for the past 24 h.
For relaxed, high scores reflect less anxiety; for tense and worried, high scores reflect high anxiety.
Participants reported on adverse life events in the year prior to fracture.
Participants reported on their mood in the week prior to fracture.
Clinical interview to determine past major or minor depression disorder.
Participants reported on their pain levels during the past 24 h.