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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2016 Apr 8;11(2):332–347. doi: 10.1007/s11481-016-9666-9

Fig. 5. Some neuroimmune markers indicate chronic immune activation at all stages of infection in macaques that develop encephalitis.

Fig. 5

Multiplex quantitation of 31 cytokines present in the CSF was performed on samples from baseline (d0), acute infection (d10 and d14), asymptomatic infection (d28 and d42), development of encephalitis (rise of YKL40), and at necropsy (nec). Compared to SIV-infected non-encephalitic macaques (blue), PAI-1 (a), IL-6 (b), VEGF (c), and CCL2 (d) were elevated in macaques that developed SIVE (red) during acute infection (except VEGF), and when encephalitis developed. Bars represent median concentrations of the indicated cytokine.