Multiplex quantitation of 10 cytokines in frontal cortical tissue protein extracts was performed. Compared to SIV-infected macaques without encephalitis (blue), IL-6 (a), IFN-γ (b), VEGF (c), CXCL9 (d), CCL2 (e), CXCL11 (f), IL-1β (g), CCL4 (h), and IL-8 (i) were elevated in macaques that developed SIVE (red). IL-10 was similar in SIV-infected macaques with and without encephalitis (j). Bars represent median concentration of indicated cytokine.