Table 5.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between ASD and combinations of child (proband) genotypes and maternal supplemental vitamin D.
| Gene varianta | Child (proband) genotype | Maternal supplemental vitamin D (IU)b | Autism spectrum disorder | Typical development | OR (95% CI) | P | PInteraction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VDR BsmI (rs1544410) | GG | 400+ | 90 (28) | 55 (29) | 1.0 | ||
| GA | 400+ | 73 (23) | 42 (22) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | .82 | ||
| AA | 400+ | 26 (8) | 13 (7) | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | .60 | ||
| GG | <400 | 54 (17) | 38 (20) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | .60 | ||
| GA | <400 | 58 (18) | 35 (18) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | .96 | .81 | |
| AA | <400 | 15 (5) | 10 (5) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | .84 | .81 | |
| CYP2R1 (rs10741657) | GG | 400+ | 77 (24) | 47 (24) | 1.0 | ||
| GA | 400+ | 89 (27) | 51 (26) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | .80 | ||
| AA | 400+ | 28 (9) | 13 (7) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | .48 | ||
| GG | <400 | 56 (17) | 24 (12) | 1.4 (0.8–2.6) | .25 | ||
| GA | <400 | 67 (20) | 45 (23) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | .72 | .33 | |
| AA | <400 | 10 (3) | 18 (9) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | .01 | .0045 |
a
Gene variants selected because of their association with increased risk for autism spectrum disorders in case–control logistic regression or hybrid log-linear analyses.
b
Total average vitamin D quantified from vitamins, supplements, and cereals reported to have been consumed by the mothers for the three months before and during pregnancy and breastfeeding. 400 IU vitamin D = median vitamin D reported by mothers of children with typical development and typical amount in supplements (a priori analyses).