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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 31.

Published in final edited form as: Cell Rep. 2016 May 5;15(7):1394–1400. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.024

Table 1.

Hormones, Leucine Kinetics and Resting Energy Expenditure

	Placebo			Metformin
	Basal	Somatostatin	Glucagon	Basal	Somatostatin	Glucagon
Glucose (mg/dL)	108±3	103±7 ^b	214±8 ^c	93±3 ^a	85±10 ^a, ^b	212±10^c
Glucagon (pg/mL)	90.7±10.0	54.3±7.5 ^b	157.1±7.7 ^c	119.1±13.5	60.2±6.9 ^b	156.6±11.5 ^c
Insulin (μU/mL)	13.2±1.4	0.53±0.06 ^b	5.4±1.4 ^c	11.4±1.5 ^a	0.46±0.05 ^b	4.7±0.5
C-peptide (nmol/L)	1.31±0.09	0.33±0.02 ^b	0.46±0.03 ^c	1.13±0.08 ^a	0.28±0.02^a,^b	0.38±0.03^a,^c
Leucine C Flux	95.0±4.2	89.6±3.5 ^b	85.5±4.0 ^c	93.0±1.7	90.2±2.0 ^b	87.6±2.4
Leucine Oxidation	19.9±1.2	16.5±1.2 ^b	23.7±1.7 ^c	18.3±0.8	16.4±0.7	19.8±1.3^a,^c
Leu Protein Synthesis	75.1±3.8	73.2±3.5 ^b	61.8±3.5 ^c	74.7±2.0	73.8±2.0 ^b	67.8±2.0^a,^c
Leucine N Flux	155.0±6.3	197.9±7.5 ^b	215.1±12.5 ^c	159.3±6.2	204.7±6.1 ^b	230.4±9.4^c
Leucine Transamination	79.9±4.2	124.8±7.1 ^b	149.8±10.2 ^c	84.5±4.7 ^a	130.9±4.6 ^b	165.0±7.8 ^c
Leucine Reamination	60.0±4.2	108.3±4.2 ^b	126.1±10.0 ^c	66.3±4.7 ^a	114.5±4.6 ^b	145.2±7.3^a,^c
% Flux Oxidized	21.0±1.3	18.5±1.5 ^b	27.9±2.0 ^c	19.7±1.0	18.2±0.8 ^b	22.5±1.1^a,^c
REE (kcals/day)	1669±138	1682±122	1925±139 ^c	1727±103	1719±93	1858±97
RER	0.82±0.01	0.75±0.02	0.78±0.02	0.82±0.01	0.74±0.02	0.75±0.02

^a

p<0.05 metformin vs. placebo;

^b

p<0.05 somatostatin vs. basal;

^c

p<0.05 glucagon vs. somatostatin.

Data expressed as μmol/kgFFM/hr for whole-body leucine kinetics. Data are represented mean ± SE