Table 4.
Reported biomarkers of SCD and complications of SCD.
| SCD (compared to healthy controls) | Acute chest syndrome | Painful episodes (Vaso-occlusive Crisis) | Central Nervous System complications | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactate dehydrogenase | CitrullineM | L-selectin | L-selectin | L-selectin |
| D-dimer | Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor mRNAT | Thrombospondin-1 | Thrombospondin-1 | Thrombospondin-1 |
| Thrombin-anti-thrombin complexes | Superoxide dismutase 1 mRNAT | Secretory phospholipase A2 | Leukotriene B4 | Glial acidic fibrillary protein |
| Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 | Catalase mRNAT | C-reactive protein | Vinculin | Platelet-derived growth factor |
| Growth differentiation factor | miR-144T | Integrin αMβ2 | Phosphoglycerate kinase | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
| Ubiquinated spectrin | Plasma free heme | P-selectin | Interleukin-1β | |
| GlutathioneM | Neutrophil extracellular traps | Neutrophil extracellular traps | Erythrocyte and Platelet-derived microparticles | |
| AdenosineM | CD163 | CD163 | ADAMTS13 | |
| Sphingosine-1-PM | Toll-like receptor 4 | Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 | Tissue plasminogen activator antigen | |
| SpermineM | Alipoprotein A1 | |||
| Spermidine | Endothelin-1 | |||
Most of these biomarkers have been studied in the context of the HbSS genotype of SCD. This list is not exhaustive.
M: Metabolites; T: Transcripts; SCD: Sickle cell disease.