Table 3.
Effect Sizes and Descriptive Statistics for each Mental Health Study
| Alcohol (n =12,387) |
Anxiety (n = 21,304) |
Depression (n = 24,126) |
Eating (n = 10,115) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Implicit Associations |
Explicit Associations |
Symptoms | Implicit Associations |
Explicit Associations |
Symptoms | Implicit Associations |
Explicit Associations |
Symptoms | Implicit Associations |
Explicit Associations |
Symptoms |
| Overall mean, full sample (SD) | .00 (.43) | −.62 (2.34) | 8.52 (6.80) | −.36 (.44) | .88 (2.36) | 10.62 (8.42) | −.39 (.45) | .58 (1.99) | 11.76 (9.82) | .68 (.40) | 2.26 (2.62) | 11.68 (11.05) |
| Overall mean, normalized variable (SD) | .00 (.43) | - | 2.88 (1.12) | −.36 (.43) | - | 10.34 (7.99) | −.40 (.44) | - | 11.16 (9.00) | −.43 (.13) | - | 3.24 (1.40) |
| Correlations | ||||||||||||
| Implicit | r=1 | – | – | r=1 | – | – | r=1 | – | – | r=1 | – | – |
| Explicit | r=.24** | r=1 | – | r=.25** | r=1 | – | r=.32** | r=1 | – | r=.16** | r=1 | – |
| Symptoms | r=.30** | r=.52** | r=1 | r=.27** | r=.44** | r=1 | r=.35** | r=.57** | r=1 | r=.10** | r=.41** | r=1 |
| Age | r=−.07** | r=.06** | r=−.06** | r=−.18** | r=−.11** | r=−.23** | r=−.14** | r=−.07** | r=−.10** | r=.14** | r=−.11** | r=−.11** |
| Education | rs =−.01 | rs =.15** | rs =.06** | rs =−.12** | rs =−.04** | rs =−.17** | rs =−.10** | rs =−.05** | rs =−.08** | rs =.03* | rs =−.04** | rs =−.05** |
| Sex (t-tests) | t=6.38**, d=.14 | t=9.18**, d=.18 | t=15.34**, d=.29 | t=−6.42**, d=−.12 | t=−19.27**, d=−.31 | t=−10.65**, d=−.19 | t=−.34, d=0 | t=2.64*, d=.03 | t=8.59**, d=.13 | t=−2.46, d=−.07 | t=−12.97**, d=−.32 | t=−21.46**, d=−.50 |
| Male (M, SD) | .04 (.43) | −.37 (2.31) | 3.07 (1.11) | −.40 (.42) | .34 (2.53) | 9.27 (7.62) | −.40 (.44) | .63 (2.03) | 11.94 (9.29) | −.43 (.14) | 1.62 (2.53) | 2.75 (1.12) |
| Female (M, SD) | −.02 (.42) | −.79 (2.34) | 2.75 (1.10) | −.35 (.43) | 1.09 (2.25) | 10.75 (8.08) | −.40 (.45) | .56 (1.97) | 10.79 (8.85) | −.42 (.13) | 2.44 (2.61) | 3.39 (1.44) |
| Ethnicity (t-tests) | t=−.44, d=−.02 | t=1.81, d=.06 | t=.79, d=.03 | t=−.37, d=0 | t=1.34, d=.03 | t=−3.44*, d=−.09 | t=−1.33, d=−.02 | t=3.25*, d=.07 | t=1.58, d=.03 | t=2.18, d=.08 | t=−2.90*, d=−.10 | t=−2.57*, d=−.09 |
| Non-Hispanic (M, SD) | .00 (.43) | −.59 (2.35) | 2.89 (1.11) | −.36 (.43) | .91 (2.37) | 10.19 (7.91) | −.40 (.45) | .60 (2.00) | 11.11 (8.96) | −.42 (.13) | 2.27 (2.60) | 3.23 (1.40) |
| Hispanic (M, SD) | .01 (.41) | −.72 (2.22) | 2.86 (1.08) | −.36 (.42) | .84 (2.33) | 10.93 (8.24) | −.39 (.43) | .46 (1.94) | 10.80 (8.89) | −.43 (.13) | 2.53 (2.70) | 3.35 (1.40) |
| Race (ANOVA)1 | F=4.43*, ηp2=.00 | F=17.88**, ηp2=.01 | F=62.08**, ηp2=.02 | F=5.45**, ηp2=.00 | F=36.94**, ηp2=.01 | F=14.93**, ηp2=.00 | F=3.17, ηp2=.00 | F=18.68**, ηp2=.00 | F=53.69**, ηp2=.01 | F=14.17**, ηp2=.01 | F=7.40**, ηp2=.00 | F=6.95**, ηp2=.00 |
| Caucasian (M, SE) | .01 (.01)a | −.51 (.03)a | 2.96 (.01)a | −.36 (.00)a | 1.01 (.02)a | 10.39 (.08)a | −.40 (.00) | .62 (.02)ab | 11.35 (.07)ab | −.42 (.00)a | 2.36 (.03)a | 3.28 (.02)a |
| Asian (M, SE) | .01 (.02)ab | −1.02 (.10)b | 2.53 (.05)b | −.41 (.01)b | .60 (.06)b | 10.03 (.23)ab | −.39 (.01) | .72 (.05)a | 11.89 (.21)bc | −.46 (.01)b | 1.93 (.10)b | 3.24 (.06)a |
| African American (M, SE) | −.06 (.02)b | −1.06 (.09)b | 2.40 (.04)b | −.38 (.01)ab | .27 (.07)c | 8.99 (.26)b | −.42 (.01) | .21 (.05)c | 8.22 (.24)d | −.42 (.01)a | 1.94 (.11)b | 2.97 (.06)b |
| Multiracial (M, SE) | −.01 (.02)ab | −.80 (.10)ab | 2.84 (.05)ac | −.35 (.01)a | .77 (.07)ab | 11.72 (.28)c | −.37 (.01) | .66 (.06)ab | 12.67 (.26)c | −.44 (.01)ab | 2.12 (.12)ab | 3.30 (.06)a |
| Other (M, SE) | −.01 (.02)ab | −.89 (.08)b | 2.78 (.04)c | −.37 (.01)ab | .74 (.06)ab | 10.94 (.23)ac | −.38 (.01) | .47 (.05)b | 10.66 (.21)a | −.43 (.01)a | 2.22 (.09)ab | 3.26 (.05)a |
Note. The full sample (using the original, untransformed, with outliers) variables are reported in the first line of the table. The second line includes the means and standard deviations of the transformed (with outliers removed) variables, if applicable. The transformed variables were used in subsequent analyses for this table. Effect sizes for t-tests were calculated using the following formula: Cohen's d = (M1-M2) / SDpooled.
1
Races that do not significantly differ from each other share the same superscript letter (e.g., all races with an “a” superscript are not significantly different from each other at p < .01).
*
p < .01
**
p < .001