Table 4.

Neurotransmitter metabolites in cerebral ischemia.

Metabolites	Plasma	Serum	CSF	Cortex	Hippocampus	Striatum	Thalamus + midbrain	White matter	Whole brain tissue	Reference
Dopamine (DA)				√	√	√	√			[30–32, 51]
Norepinephrine (NE)				√	√	√	√			[51]
Serotonin (5-HT)				√	√	√	√			[31, 32, 51]
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG)				√	√	√	√			[51]
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)				√	√	√	√			[51]
Homovanillic acid (HVA)				√	√	√	√			[51]
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)				√	√	√	√			[51]
GABA			√	√	√					[23, 27, 28, 55]
Glutamic acid		√	√						√	[20, 22, 28, 50]
Glycine		√	√						√	[22, 28, 50]
Glutamate	√			√	√	√				[21, 23, 27, 52, 55]
Aspartate										[20, 23, 27, 28]
Taurine				√		√			√	[27–29]
Serine		√	√							[22, 50]
Choline				√	√			√	√	[27, 52, 54, 55, 88, 89]
γ-Hydroxybutyrate						√				[53]