Table 5.

Other metabolites in cerebral ischemia.

Metabolites	Plasma	Serum	CSF	Cortex	Hippocampus	Striatum	White matter	Thalamus	Midbrain	Whole brain tissue	Pineal body, olfactory bulb	Reference
Choline phosphate										√		[23]
Malate				√		√				√		[23, 27]
Citrate			√	√		√						[23, 50]
Succinate		√								√		[27]
Creatinine			√									[21, 22, 29]
2-Hydroxybutyric acid			√									[22, 53]
Creatine			√	√	√	√						[23, 27, 55, 89]
Glutamate	√			√	√	√				√		[21, 23, 27, 52, 54, 55]
cis-Aconitic acid		√		√		√						[23]
Malonate		√										[50]
Alpha-D-glucose										√		[22, 27]
Carnosine	√											[21]
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)				√		√						[23]
NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl nester (L-NAME)						√						[90]
N-Acetylaspartate (NAA)	√		√	√	√	√	√			√		[23, 52, 54, 55, 88, 89]
N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG)				√		√				√		[23, 91]
6-Deoxy-6-[18F]fluoro-L-ascorbic acid											√	[92]
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (HMPG)				√	√	√		√	√			[51]
3-Hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid				√	√	√		√	√			[23, 93]
Glycerophosphoric acid				√		√						[23]
Glutathione (GSH)				√		√						[23, 24]
Disulfide (GSSG)				√		√						[23]
Myo-inositol			√	√	√	√						[27, 54, 55]
Betaine		√										[50]
Pyruvate		√	√									[22, 50]
Lactate		√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√		[50, 52, 54, 55, 88]
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate (DOPAC)				√	√	√		√	√			[51]
Homovanillic acid (HVA)				√	√	√		√	√			[51]
Nicotinuric acid										√		[27]
Fumarate										√		[27]
Glucose 6-phosphate				√		√						[23]
Formate										√		[27]
Acetate			√							√		[27]
Ascorbate				√		√				√		[23]
Taurine				√		√				√		[23, 27, 28]
Alpha-2-Ketoisovaleric acid			√									[22]
3-Hydroxybutanoic acid			√									[22]
3-Hydroxyisovalerate			√									[22]
Acetone			√									[22]
Acetic acid			√									[22, 50]
Oxaloacetate			√									[22]
Dimethylamine			√									[22]
Glycerol			√									[22]
D-Fructose			√									[22]
Aminoguanidine										√		[94]
Polyamines				√	√					√		[95]
Putrescine				√	√					√		[34, 96]
Spermidine				√	√					√		[34, 59]
Spermine				√	√					√		[34, 59]