Table 1.

Functions of surface markers for human monocytes subsets

Marker	Function	Role in inflammation	References
CD14	co-receptor for the detection of LPS	regulation of production of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytokine inhibitors	[105, 106]
CD16	binds to the Fc portion of IgG antibodies	stimulation of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation for T cells	[17]
CCR2	receptor for MCP1/CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13 and CCL16	induction of monocytes infiltration, involved in angiogenesis	[22, 107]
CX3CR1	receptor for CX3CL1	patrolling vascular endothelium, removal of debris from the vasculature, regulation of wound healing	[23]
CD64	binds to the Fc portion of IgG antibodies	phagocytosis, chemotaxis, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[108, 109]
TLR-2/TLR-4	recognizes PAMPs and DAMPs	induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[110]
CD36	clearance of non-self and unwanted components	uptake of oxLDL which leads to up-regulation of pro-atherosclerotic cytokines and ROS production. Critical for macrophage foam cell formation	[111, 112]
Stabilin-1	clearance of non-self and unwanted components	silent clearance of unwanted-self components (modified lipoproteins, cytokines, SPARC, apoptotic bodies)	[30, 31, 32, 34]

PAMPs = Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs = damage-associated molecular patterns.