. 2016 Apr 16;44(9):3971–3988. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw237

Table 1. Binding constant (K), binding site size (n), lengthening upon single intercalation (x_eq) and twist between successive base pairs upon intercalation obtained from various force spectroscopy experiments (atomic force microscopy (or scanning force microscopy), magnetic tweezers, optical tweezers).

Intercalator	Binding constant K (x 10⁻⁶ M⁻¹)	Binding site size n (base pairs)	Binding equilibrium elongation Δx_eq (nm/bp)
Ethidium	0.036 ± 0.005^a	2.01^a
	10^b	2^b
	0.46 ± 0.05^d	2.3 ± 0.1^d	0.25 ± 0.03^d
	0.13 ± 0.04^f	1.9 ± 0.1^f
	0.145^g
Daunomycin	0.066 ± 0.024^a	3.04^a	-
AFP	2.48^a	2^a	-
[Ru(phen)₃]²⁺	0.0088 ± 0.0003^c	3.0 ± 0.2^c
	^e0.0016 ± 0.0002	^e3.0 ± 0.1	0.28 ± 0.01^d
[Ru(phen)₂dppz]²⁺	0.15 ± 0.07^c	2.2 ± 0.4^c
	3.2 ± 0.1 (10 pN)^c	3.0 ± 0.5 (10 pN)^c
	0.90 ± 0.10^d	^e2.9 ± 0.1^d	0.38 ± 0.02^d
[Ru(bpy)₂dppz]²⁺	0.15 ± 0.07^c	2.2 ± 0.4^c	-
	3.2 ± 0.1 (10 pN)^c	3.0 ± 0.5 (10 pN)^c
Oxazole Yellow (YO)	0.578 ± 0.080^e		0.233 ± 0.013^e
	0.29 ± 0.09ⁱ	3.8 ± 1.0ⁱ	0.31 ± 0.03ⁱ
Psoralen	0.088 ± 0.024^h	1.43 ± 0.13^h	-
SYTOX Orange (SxO)	2.4 ± 0.5ⁱ	3.0 ± 0.4ⁱ	0.30 ± 0.02ⁱ
SYTOX Green (SxG)	14 ± 3ⁱ	2.6 ± 0.6ⁱ	0.27 ± 0.02ⁱ
SGold (SbG)	7.8 ± 3.3ⁱ	3.2 ± 0.5ⁱ	0.30 ± 0.01ⁱ

^a(64)

^b(5)

^c(92)

^d(22)

^e(93)

^f(21)

^g(94)

^h(112)

ⁱ(23)