Table 3. DNA intercalation kinetics parameters for unconventional intercalators investigated by single-molecule force spectroscopy.

Complex	Single-step DNA intercalation
	xon (nm)		xoff (nm)		ka(0) (M−1s−1) × 104		koff(0) (s−1) × 10−3
ActD	0.33 ± 0.02		0.11 ± 0.01		0.1(±0.02)		1.0(±0.2)
(Δ,Δ-P)4+	0.33 ± 0.02		0.14 ± 0.01		1 (±0.01)		1.4(±0.1)
	Double-step DNA intercalation
	x+1 (nm)	x+2 (nm)	x−1 (nm)	x−2 (nm)	k+1(0) (M−1s−1) × 106	k+2(0) (s−1) × 10−3	k−1(0) (s−1) × 10−3	k−2(0) (s−1) × 10−3
(Δ,Δ-Pc)4+	0.19 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.01	−0.06 ± 0.01	−0.15 ± 0.03	1.8 ± 0.4	5.8 ± 1.0	68 ± 4	3.6 ± 1.0