Table 1. Performance comparison with the previously reported electronic THz modulators.

Performance Parameters	Metamaterial - GaAs Schottky contact [ref. 10]	Metamaterial Diffraction Grating - GaAs Schottky contact [ref. 18]	Graphene Electro -Absorption [ref. 14]	Dipole - GaN HEMT [ref. 20]	Metamaterial - GaAs HEMT [ref. 19]	Metamaterial - GaAs MSM Varactor [This work]
Operating Frequency [THz]	0.81	0.4	0.62	0.35	0.46	0.58
Insertion Loss [dB]	5	9.4	2	3	8	4.3
Modulation Depth [%]	80	99	64	85	33	45
Operating Voltage Interval [V]	0–16	0–13	−10–20	0–7	0–3	0–3
∆T/∆V	0.015	–	0.013	0.06	0.04	0.06
Modulation Speed	30 kHz	1 kHz	4 kHz	1 GHz	10 MHz	48 MHz