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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 19.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Chin Med. 2015 Sep 22;43(6):1211–1230. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X1550069X

Table 1.

Relative potency of recombinant human carboxylesterase (CES)1/2 and CYP450 isoforms in metabolism of D and DA in vitro.

Substrate Carboxylesterase CYP Enzyme protein isoforms
CES1 μg/mL CES2 μg/mL 1A2 pmol/mL 2C9 pmol/mL 2C19 pmol/mL 2D6 pmol/mL 3A4 pmol/mL
100 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100
D − +++ − − −/+ ++ ++++ ++++ −/+ + + ++
DA − − − − −/+ ++ ++++ ++++ −/+ + + +++

− no detectable conversion; −/+ less than 5% conversion; + 5~25% conversion; ++ 25~50% conversion; +++ 50~75% conversion; ++++ near 100% conversion to DOH.