Table 1. Descriptive statistics for socio-demographic characteristics and mental health indices.
| Characteristics | Total number of women (n=1672) | Col % |
|---|---|---|
| Age groups <20 years | 141 | 8.4 |
| 20-24 | 568 | 34.0 |
| 25-29 | 576 | 34.4 |
| 30-34 | 273 | 16.3 |
| ⩾35 | 114 | 6.8 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 419 | 25.1 |
| Engaged/living together | 1240 | 74.2 |
| Separated/divorced | 9 | 0.7 |
| Educational status | ||
| None or Primary school | 271 | 16.2 |
| Junior/Senior High School | 961 | 57.5 |
| Technical College/Diploma | 104 | 6.4 |
| University | 336 | 20.1 |
| Occupation | ||
| Unemployed | 949 | 56.8 |
| Student | 180 | 10.8 |
| Farming/small trade | 200 | 12.0 |
| Government/non-government organisation | 190 | 11.4 |
| Other | 153 | 9.2 |
| Exposure to categories of war-related traumatic eventsb | ||
| 0 | 183 | 11.0 |
| 1 | 273 | 16.3 |
| 2 or 3 | 602 | 36.0 |
| ⩾4 | 613 | 36.7 |
| Intimate partner violence (IPV) derived groupsa | ||
| No abuse at all | 180 | 10.8 |
| Low respect/regard and no abuse | 550 | 32.9 |
| Severe psychological abuse (threatening, intimidation and controlling) | 511 | 30.6 |
| Physical abuse only | 103 | 6.2 |
| Physical abuse+severe psychological abuse | 327 | 19.5 |
| Mental health indices | ||
| Edinburgh Depression Scale (EPDS): threshold ⩾13.0 | 329 | 19.7 |
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): threshold ⩾2.0 | 96 | 5.7 |
| Kessler-10 (K10) psychological distress: threshold ⩾30.0 | 105 | 6.3 |
| Any mental distress (threshold for at least one of EDS, PTSD or K10) | 403 | 24.1 |
Abbreviation: TE, traumatic event.
There was one missing participant for TEs; and one missing for IPV and these two have been excluded from further analyses leaving an analytic sample of n=1671.
IPV items are grouped as follows.
Low respect/regard only: participants included if endorsed one or more items from this group but not from forms of IPV categorised higher in the hierarchy. Example of items include spends his free time with you; consults on different household matters with you; respects you and your wishes; does not trust you with any money.
Severe psychological (threatening, intimidating and controlling): participants included if endorsed one or more items from this group. Participants may have endorsed items from low respect/regard but were not included if endorsed any physical abuse items. Items included in this group are: he is affectionate with you; jealous or angry if you talk to other men; frequently accuses you of being unfaithful; does not permit you to meet your girl friends; tries to limit your contact with your family; insists on knowing where you are at all time; humiliates you in front of others; threatens you/someone close to you with harm.
Physical violence: participants were included if they endorsed one or more of: pushes you, shakes you or throws something at you; slaps you or twists your arm; punches you with something that could hurt you; kicks/drags you; tries to strangle/burn you; threatens you with a knife, gun or other type of weapon; attacks you with a knife, gun or other type of weapon; other ways your husband hurts you. Participants were included in the physical violence only group if they did not endorse any items from the threatening/jealous/controlling group. They may have endorsed items from the low respect/ regard category.
Physical violence plus severe psychological (threatening, intimidating and controlling): participants were included in this group if they endorsed a minimum of one item from physical violence and one from threatening/jealous/controlling. In addition, they may have endorsed items from lack of sharing/respect.