Insulin-like growth factor-1
|
IGF-1 |
Anti-apoptotic; promote stem cell growth and differentiation |
[30], [84], [126], [133] |
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
|
HIF-1α |
Trigger release of angiogenic growth factors and nitric oxide |
[15], [19-21] |
Transforming growth factor-β
|
TGF-β |
Upregulate fibroblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation; trigger myofibroblast activation |
[168], [170], [172], [207] |
Sonic hedgehog
|
Shh |
Induce cardiac morphogenesis; anti-apoptotic |
[23], [91] |
Fibroblast growth factor-1
|
FGF-1 |
Initiation of angiogenesis; stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation |
[21], [23], [113], [229] |
Fibroblast growth factor-2
|
FGF-2 |
Initiation of angiogenesis; upregulate proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells; induce chemotaxis; anti-apoptotic |
[19-21], [23], [25], [93] |
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A
|
VEGF-A |
Initiation of angiogenesis; upregulate proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells ; trigger nitric oxide release |
[19-23] |
Platelet-derived growth factor-BB
|
PDGF-BB |
Upregulate proliferation and chemotaxis of pericytes; promote angiogenesis and neovessel maturation; anti-apoptotic |
[20], [30], [42], [249] |
Angiopoietin-1
|
Ang-1 |
Promote stabilization of endothelial cell-pericyte interactions and vessel maturation |
[41], [44] |
Angiopoietin-2
|
Ang-2 |
Promote destabilization of endothelial cell-pericyte interactions and vessel extravasation |
[41], [44] |
Hepatocyte growth factor
|
HGF |
Angiogenic, anti-apoptotic; chemotactic on stem/progenitor cells |
[33], [34], [126], [219] |
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
|
G-CSF |
Chemotactic on stem/progenitor cells; anti-apoptotic; angiogenic |
[31], [85], [125] |
Stromal cell-derived factor 1-α
|
SDF1-α |
Chemotactic on stem/progenitor cells; angiogenic |
[35], [36], [90], [121], [220] |
Erythropoietin
|
EPO |
Chemotactic on stem/progenitor cells; angiogenic; anti-apoptotic |
[86-89], [128], [217] |
Thymosin-β4
|
Thymosin-β4 |
Chemotactic on stem/progenitor cells; angiogenic |
[30], [127] |
Neuregulin-1
|
NRG-1 |
Induce cardiomyocyte proliferation; anti-apoptotic |
[109-112] |
Matrix metalloproteinase-2
|
MMP-2 |
Promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by catalyzing the proteolysis of ECM proteins |
[65], [135], [145] |
Matrix metalloproteinase-9
|
MMP-9 |
Promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by catalyzing the proteolysis of ECM proteins |
[65], [135], [145] |
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1
|
TIMP-1 |
Inhibit MMP activity and ECM degradation; anti-apoptotic |
[93], [152], [154] |
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3
|
TIMP-3 |
Inhibit MMP activity and ECM degradation; anti-apoptotic; anti-inflammatory |
[93], [144], [151], [153], [154], [181] |
Interleukin-10
|
IL-10 |
Anti-inflammatory; anti-apoptotic |
[71], [72] |
Interleukin-1β
|
IL-1β |
Pro-inflammatory; induce MMP activity |
[60], [143], [168] |
Interleukin-6
|
IL-6 |
Pro-inflammatory; upregulate fibroblast proliferation; induce MMP activity |
[60], [168] |
Tumor necrosis factor-α
|
TNF-α |
Pro-inflammatory; pro-apoptotic; trigger myofibroblast activation; induce MMP activity |
[60], [67], [68], [143] |
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
|
MCP-1 |
Pro-inflammatory; angiogenic; chemoattractant |
[29], [66], [132] |