Table 1. Frequencies and weighted proportions of select demographic, behavioral, and biologic variables among HIV-infected women and men aged 15–64 years by recent and long-standing infection status, 2007 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey.
| Recent Infection1 | Long-standing Infection2 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 64) | Men (N = 27) | Women (N = 37) | Total (N = 961) | Men (N = 307) | Women (N = 654) | |||||||
| N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | |
| Select variables | ||||||||||||
| Median CD4+ T-cell count (IQR)3 | 952 (609–1,243) | 888 (597–1,133) | 977 (670–1,283) | 483 (292–721) | 435 (264–680) | 508 (304–734) | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Men | 27 | 38.1 (22.6–53.7) | - | - | - | - | 307 | 30.6 (27.5–33.8) | - | - | - | - |
| Women | 37 | 61.9 (46.3–77.4) | - | - | - | - | 654 | 69.4 (66.2–72.5) | - | - | - | - |
| Age category (years) | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 18 | 29.1 (17.4–40.9) | 3 | 6.6 (0–15.1) | 15 | 43.0 (25.7–60.3) | 175 | 16.3 (13.7–19.0) | 26 | 7.5 (4.3–10.6) | 149 | 20.3 (16.6–24.0) |
| 25–34 | 26 | 45.2 (29.8–60.5) | 12 | 51.0 (25.3–76.7) | 14 | 41.6 (23.9–59.2) | 344 | 36.5 (33.1–39.8) | 99 | 34.2 (28.2–40.2) | 245 | 37.5 (33.3–41.7) |
| 35–44 | 9 | 12.8 (3.5–22.2) | 4 | 17.9 (0–37.2) | 5 | 9.8 (0.7–18.8) | 250 | 27.7 (24.1–31.3) | 103 | 35.1 (28.7–41.6) | 147 | 24.5 (20.6–28.4) |
| 45–54 | 7 | 7.0 (1.5–12.6) | 5 | 11.7 (0–23.5) | 2 | 4.1 (0–9.9) | 155 | 15.6 (13.0–18.1) | 62 | 18.2 (13.4–22.9) | 93 | 14.4 (11.4–17.5) |
| 55–64 | 4 | 5.9 (0–12.2) | 3 | 12.8 (0–28.6) | 1 | 1.6 (0–4.6) | 37 | 3.9 (2.5–5.3) | 17 | 5.1 (2.5–7.7) | 20 | 3.4 (1.7–5.0) |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No primary | 11 | 16.9 (1.3–32.5) | 4 | 6.4 (0–14.1) | 7 | 23.4 (0.6–46.1) | 94 | 10.9 (8.0–13.8) | 12 | 4.9 (1.5–8.3) | 82 | 13.6 (9.8–17.4) |
| Incomplete primary | 27 | 45.4 (29.0–61.8) | 10 | 50.3 (24.5–76.1) | 17 | 42.4 (21.9–62.9) | 315 | 32.8 (29.0–36.7) | 80 | 25.7 (19.8–31.6) | 235 | 36.0 (31.2–40.8) |
| Complete primary | 11 | 15.2 (6.0–24.5) | 5 | 17.2 (0–34.9) | 6 | 14.0 (2.7–25.4) | 280 | 28.7 (25.4–32.0) | 91 | 29.2 (23.0–35.4) | 189 | 28.5 (24.5–32.4) |
| Secondary+4 | 15 | 22.4 (9.4–35.5) | 8 | 26.1 (5.3–46.9) | 7 | 20.2 (4.1–36.2) | 272 | 27.5 (23.6–31.4) | 124 | 40.2 (33.6–46.8) | 148 | 22.0 (17.6–26.3) |
| Wealth index5 | ||||||||||||
| Lowest | 15 | 24.2 (8.4–40.1) | 5 | 15.7 (0.9–30.5) | 10 | 29.5 (7.4–51.6) | 159 | 16.8 (13.5–20.1) | 46 | 15.3 (10.5–20.2) | 113 | 17.5 (13.8–21.1) |
| Second | 12 | 17.3 (6.9–27.7) | 6 | 19.1 (0–39.5) | 6 | 16.2 (3.9–28.5) | 190 | 20.1 (16.9–23.4) | 57 | 21.2 (15.9–26.5) | 133 | 19.7 (16.2–23.1) |
| Middle | 10 | 19.6 (6.1–33.1) | 3 | 15.7 (0–34.6) | 7 | 22.0 (5.0–39.0) | 173 | 17.8 (14.9–20.8) | 59 | 17.9 (12.9–23.0) | 114 | 17.8 (14.5–21.1) |
| Fourth | 13 | 15.5 (6.2–24.8) | 5 | 14.1 (1.6–26.6) | 8 | 16.4 (4.4–28.4) | 189 | 20.8 (17.1–24.5) | 54 | 17.6 (12.4–22.7) | 135 | 22.2 (17.8–26.6) |
| Highest | 14 | 23.3 (7.8–38.9) | 8 | 35.5 (6.5–64.5) | 6 | 15.9 (2.0–29.7) | 250 | 24.4 (19.8–29.0) | 91 | 28.0 (21.3–34.7) | 159 | 22.9 (18.0–27.7) |
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 15 | 23.7 (8.1–39.2) | 8 | 33.8 (4.6–63.0) | 7 | 17.4 (3.2–31.6) | 299 | 28.0 (23.5–32.6) | 97 | 25.5 (19.3–31.8) | 202 | 29.2 (23.7–34.6) |
| Rural | 49 | 76.3 (60.8–91.9) | 19 | 66.2 (37.0–95.4) | 30 | 82.6 (68.4–96.8) | 662 | 72.0 (67.4–76.5) | 210 | 74.5 (68.2–80.7) | 452 | 70.8 (65.4–76.3) |
| Province | ||||||||||||
| Nairobi | 10 | 13.8 (2.8–24.8) | 5 | 12.8 (0–28.9) | 5 | 14.4 (0.8–28.0) | 127 | 12.5 (8.8–16.1) | 42 | 12.1 (6.7–17.4) | 85 | 12.6 (8.5–16.8) |
| Central | 5 | 7.8 (0.9–14.7) | 0 | - | 5 | 12.6 (1.6–23.6) | 61 | 6.8 (3.9–9.6) | 22 | 8.6 (3.4–13.7) | 39 | 5.9 (3.5–8.4) |
| Coast | 9 | 7.7 (2.1–13.3) | 5 | 11.0 (0.8–21.2) | 4 | 5.7 (0–11.6) | 115 | 9.1 (6.7–11.5) | 37 | 8.3 (5.1–11.5) | 78 | 9.4 (6.4–12.5) |
| Eastern | 4 | 7.5 (0–15.1) | 2 | 9.8 (0–24.5) | 2 | 6.1 (0–14.5) | 95 | 11.2 (7.6–14.8) | 18 | 6.9 (3.4–10.4) | 77 | 13.1 (8.7–17.6) |
| North Eastern | 1 | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 1 | 0.8 (0–2.4) | 0 | - | 6 | 0.2 (0–0.5) | 3 | 0.3 (0–0.8) | 3 | 0.2 (0–0.4) |
| Nyanza | 18 | 23.9 (12.7–35.1) | 6 | 20.6 (4.4–36.8) | 12 | 25.9 (10.7–41.0) | 319 | 32.3 (28.2–36.3) | 105 | 33.8 (27.5–40) | 214 | 31.6 (27.3–35.9) |
| Rift Valley | 13 | 34.4 (14.0–54.8) | 7 | 42.2 (12.3–72.2) | 6 | 29.6 (5.1–54.1) | 135 | 18.9 (14.8–22.9) | 47 | 19.6 (14.7–24.5) | 88 | 18.5 (13.8–23.3) |
| Western | 4 | 4.6 (0–9.4) | 1 | 2.7 (0–8.2) | 3 | 5.7 (0–12.6) | 103 | 9.1 (6.7–11.5) | 33 | 10.5 (6.2–14.8) | 70 | 8.5 (6.0–10.9) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Never married/cohabiting | 7 | 8.8 (1.9–15.7) | 2 | 3.6 (0–9.4) | 5 | 12.0 (1.0–22.9) | 123 | 12.3 (9.7–14.8) | 43 | 12.1 (8.5–15.8) | 80 | 12.3 (8.9–15.8) |
| Separated/divorced | 3 | 2.5 (0–5.9) | 1 | 0.4 (0–1.1) | 2 | 3.8 (0–9.2) | 107 | 11.1 (8.5–13.8) | 18 | 5.5 (2.6–8.3) | 89 | 13.6 (10.1–17.1) |
| Widowed | 4 | 5.0 (0–10.1) | 1 | 2.5 (0–7.5) | 3 | 6.5 (0–14.1) | 139 | 15.5 (12.6–18.4) | 15 | 5.2 (2.7–7.8) | 124 | 20.0 (16.3–23.8) |
| Currently married/cohabiting | 50 | 83.7 (74.7–92.8) | 23 | 93.5 (85.6–100) | 27 | 77.7 (63.7–91.7) | 592 | 61.1 (57.0–65.2) | 231 | 77.2 (71.9–82.4) | 361 | 54.0 (49.1–59.0) |
| Currently pregnant | ||||||||||||
| No | 33 | 90.7 (81.7–99.8) | - | - | 33 | 90.7 (81.7–99.8) | 611 | 94.0 (92.2–95.8) | - | - | 611 | 94.0 (92.2–95.8) |
| Yes | 4 | 9.3 (0.2–18.3) | - | - | 4 | 9.3 (0.2–18.3) | 43 | 6.0 (4.2–7.8) | - | - | 43 | 6.0 (4.2–7.8) |
| No. sex partners in past 12 months | ||||||||||||
| 0–1 | 54 | 82.4 (69.0–95.8) | 18 | 58.5 (30.4–86.6) | 36 | 97.1 (91.5–100) | 870 | 91.7 (90.0–93.4) | 244 | 80.2 (75.6–84.8) | 626 | 96.8 (95.4–98.1) |
| 2+ | 10 | 17.6 (4.2–31.0) | 9 | 41.5 (13.4–69.6) | 1 | 2.9 (0–8.5) | 86 | 8.3 (6.6–10.0) | 63 | 19.8 (15.2–24.4) | 23 | 3.2 (1.9–4.6) |
| Ever used a condom | ||||||||||||
| No | 45 | 78.4 (66.4–90.5) | 18 | 72.9 (53.4–92.4) | 27 | 82.0 (66.5–97.5) | 553 | 60.4 (56.6–64.1) | 167 | 57.9 (51.0–64.7) | 386 | 61.5 (57.1–65.8) |
| Yes | 16 | 21.6 (9.5–33.6) | 8 | 27.1 (7.6–46.6) | 8 | 18.0 (2.5–33.5) | 391 | 39.6 (35.9–43.4) | 133 | 42.1 (35.3–49.0) | 258 | 38.5 (34.2–42.9) |
| Condom use at last sex in past 12 months | ||||||||||||
| Used a condom | 3 | 7.8 (0–21.3) | 2 | 19.6 (0–50.4) | 1 | 0.3 (0–0.8) | 145 | 15.8 (12.8–18.7) | 59 | 19.8 (15.0–24.5) | 86 | 14.0 (10.6–17.4) |
| Did not use a condom | 58 | 92.2 (78.7–100) | 24 | 80.4 (49.6–100) | 34 | 99.7 (99.2–100) | 799 | 84.2 (81.3–87.2) | 241 | 80.2 (75.5–85.0) | 558 | 86.0 (82.6–89.4) |
| Unprotected sex at last sex with partner of unknown of discordant HIV status in past 12 months | ||||||||||||
| No | 5 | 12.0 (0–27.0) | 3 | 22.7 (0–53.2) | 2 | 4.0 (0–11.4) | 167 | 24.0 (20.1–27.9) | 68 | 26.3 (20.7–31.8) | 99 | 22.7 (17.7–27.6) |
| Yes | 50 | 88.0 (73.0–100) | 23 | 77.3 (46.8–100) | 27 | 96.0 (88.6–100) | 576 | 76.0 (72.1–79.9) | 201 | 73.7 (68.2–79.3) | 375 | 77.3 (72.4–82.3) |
| Ever tested for HIV | ||||||||||||
| No | 40 | 63.5 (47.6–79.3) | 19 | 68.3 (39.5–97.0) | 21 | 60.3 (42.1–78.5) | 511 | 54.2 (50.2–58.3) | 189 | 64.6 (58.4–70.7) | 322 | 49.7 (44.7–54.6) |
| Yes | 23 | 36.5 (20.7–52.4) | 8 | 31.7 (3.0–60.5) | 15 | 39.7 (21.5–57.9) | 442 | 45.8 (41.7–49.8) | 116 | 35.4 (29.3–41.6) | 326 | 50.3 (45.4–55.3) |
| Self-reported HIV status based on last HIV test result | ||||||||||||
| HIV-positive | 1 | 1.2 (0–3.6) | 1 | 3.0 (0–9.0) | 0 | - | 154 | 17.9 (14.3–21.4) | 45 | 15.4 (10.5–20.4) | 109 | 18.9 (14.8–23.0) |
| HIV-negative | 22 | 35.3 (19.6–51.1) | 7 | 28.7 (0–57.7) | 15 | 39.7 (21.5–57.9) | 272 | 27.1 (23.8–30.3) | 63 | 18.0 (13.3–22.8) | 209 | 31.0 (27.0–34.9) |
| Unknown, never tested | 40 | 63.5 (47.6–79.3) | 19 | 68.3 (39.5–97.0) | 21 | 60.3 (42.1–78.5) | 511 | 55.1 (51.0–59.2) | 189 | 66.5 (60.3–72.8) | 322 | 50.1 (45.2–55.1) |
| Reported sexually transmitted infection diagnosis or symptoms in past 12 months | ||||||||||||
| No | 57 | 85.6 (71.9–99.4) | 21 | 67.3 (38.1–96.5) | 36 | 97.0 (91.0–100) | 892 | 92.8 (90.8–94.8) | 271 | 87.7 (83.6–91.8) | 621 | 95.1 (93.0–97.1) |
| Yes | 7 | 14.4 (0.6–28.1) | 6 | 32.7 (3.5–61.9) | 1 | 3.0 (0–9.0) | 69 | 7.2 (5.2–9.2) | 36 | 12.3 (8.2–16.4) | 33 | 4.9 (2.9–7.0) |
| HSV-2 result | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 36 | 59.3 (45.3–73.4) | 19 | 77.0 (59.8–94.2) | 17 | 48.5 (31.8–65.1) | 153 | 15.6 (12.9–18.3) | 64 | 20.5 (15.3–25.6) | 89 | 13.4 (10.3–16.6) |
| Positive | 28 | 40.7 (26.6–54.7) | 8 | 23.0 (5.8–40.2) | 20 | 51.5 (34.9–68.2) | 807 | 84.4 (81.7–87.1) | 243 | 79.5 (74.4–84.7) | 564 | 86.6 (83.4–89.7) |
| Syphilis result | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 63 | 97.2 (91.8–100) | 26 | 92.7 (78.8–100) | 37 | 100 | 921 | 95.6 (93.9–97.3) | 285 | 93.7 (90.5–96.9) | 636 | 96.4 (94.3–98.5) |
| Positive | 1 | 2.8 (0–8.2) | 1 | 7.3 (0–21.2) | 0 | - | 37 | 4.4 (2.7–6.1) | 20 | 6.3 (3.1–9.5) | 17 | 3.6 (1.5–5.7) |
| Genital sore or ulcer on or near the penis in past 12 months | ||||||||||||
| No | 25 | 78.0 (47.7–100) | 25 | 78.0 (47.9–100) | - | 286 | 93.4 (90.3–96.4) | 286 | 93.4 (90.3–96.4) | - | - | |
| Yes | 2 | 22.0 (0–52.3) | 2 | 22.0 (0–52.1) | - | 21 | 6.6 (3.6–9.7) | 21 | 6.6 (3.6–9.7) | - | - | |
| Male circumcision status | ||||||||||||
| Circumcised | 4 | 10.9 (0–22.8) | 4 | 10.9 (0–22.8) | - | 133 | 42.2 (35.3–49.0) | 133 | 42.2 (35.3–49.0) | - | - | |
| Not circumcised | 23 | 89.1 (77.2–100) | 23 | 89.1 (77.2–100) | - | 174 | 57.8 (51.0–64.7) | 174 | 57.8 (51.0–64.7) | - | - | |
1Specimens were defined as being from persons with recent HIV infection if they tested recent on LAg and were not from HIV-infected persons who were on ART. Recent infection was presumed to represent HIV infection acquired less than one year prior to specimen collection.
2Specimens were defined as being from persons with long-standing HIV infection if they: 1) tested non-recent on LAg or 2) tested recent on LAg and were from HIV-infected persons who were on ART. Long-standing infection was presumed to represent HIV infection acquired one year or greater prior to specimen collection.
3Based on results from 860 (84%) of 1,025 HIV-positive specimens with CD4+ T-cell count results.
4Secondary+ includes any years of secondary schooling whether completed or not.
5The wealth index was a composite measure of the living standard of a household, calculated using data on a household’s ownership of selected assets, materials used for houshing construction, water access and sanitation facitlities. The wealth index placed household on a contniuous scale of relative weath using principal components anlysis. Individuals were ranked according to the score of the household in which they resided and the sample was divisded into five groups, each with an equal number of indiviuals (quintiles), ranging from the lowest to highest level of wealth.