Table 3. Factors associated with recent and long-term infection among persons aged 15–64 years in Kenya, 2007 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey.
| Recent infection compared to HIV uninfected | Long-term infection compared to HIV uninfected | |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR1,2 | Adjusted OR2,3 | |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| Select variables | ||
| Sex | ||
| Men | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Women | 1.35 (0.46–4.00) | 0.99 (0.63–1.54) |
| Education | ||
| No primary | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Incomplete primary | 1.14 (0.42–3.07) | 1.42 (1.00–2.02) |
| Complete primary | 0.41 (0.13–1.26) | 1.29 (0.88–1.88) |
| Secondary+4 | 0.41 (0.13–1.30) | 1.11 (0.74–1.66) |
| Residence | ||
| Urban | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Rural | 1.54 (0.60–3.92) | 1.01 (0.66–1.54) |
| Province | ||
| Nairobi | 11.37 (2.64–48.87) | 1.76 (0.99–3.12) |
| Central | 1.80 (0.43–7.58) | 0.79 (0.45–1.37) |
| Coast | 2.31 (0.62–8.66) | 1.55 (1.04–2.32) |
| Eastern | 0.78 (0.16–3.89) | 1.03 (0.67–1.57) |
| North Eastern | 0.31 (0.03–3.16) | 0.86 (0.34–2.19) |
| Nyanza | 4.55 (1.39–14.89) | 2.33 (1.67–3.25) |
| Rift Valley | 3.35 (0.93–12.07) | 1.31 (0.85–2.04) |
| Western | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Marital Status | ||
| Never married/cohabiting | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Separated/divorced | 2.03 (0.30–13.59) | 1.87 (1.16–3.01) |
| Widowed | 8.04 (1.42–45.50) | 2.83 (1.78–4.45) |
| Currently married/cohabiting | 6.42 (1.55–26.58) | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) |
| No. sex partners in past 12 months | ||
| 0–1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2+ | 2.86 (1.51–5.41) | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) |
| Ever used a condom | ||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 0.63 (0.31–1.30) | 1.61 (1.34–1.93) |
| Condom use at last sex with partner in past 12 months | ||
| Used a condom | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Did not use a condom | 1.61 (1.34–1.93) | 0.47 (0.36–0.61) |
| Reported STI diagnosis or symptoms in past 12 months | ||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 1.97 (1.05–8.37) | 1.89 (1.20–2.97) |
| Age category (<30 years vs. ≥30 years) and HSV2 infection status (HSV-2 negative vs. HSV-2 positive) | ||
| Aged <30 years/HSV-2 negative | 1.56 (0.39–6.28) | 0.38 (0.20–0.75) |
| Aged <30 years/HSV-2 positive | 8.84 (2.62–29.85) | 0.59 (0.33–1.06) |
| Age category (<30 years vs. ≥30 years) and circumcision status (circumcised vs. uncircumcised) | ||
| Aged <30 years/circumcised | 0.77 (0.24–2.47) | 0.76 (0.37–1.55) |
| Aged <30 years/uncircumcised | 17.83 (2.19–144.90) | 0.30 (0.15–0.61) |
| Age category (<30 years vs. ≥30 years) and male genital ulcer status (no male genital ulcer vs. male genital ulcer) | ||
| Aged <30 years/no male genital ulcer | 1.58 (0.10–25.11) | 0.24 (0.05–1.05) |
| Aged <30 years/male genital ulcer | 8.70 (2.36–32.08) | 0.10 (0.55–1.70) |
1Specimens were defined as being from persons with recent HIV infection if they tested recent on LAg and were not from HIV-infected persons who were on ART. Recent infection was presumed to represent HIV infection acquired less than one year prior to specimen collection.
2A multinomial logistic regression model was applied, controlling for all variables listed in the table. Bolded estimates reached a significance level of p<0.05 in multinomial logistic regression anlaysis.
3Specimens were defined as being from persons with long-standing HIV infection if they: 1) tested non-recent on LAg or 2) tested recent on LAg and were from HIV-infected persons who were on ART. Long-standing infection was presumed to represent HIV infection acquired one year or greater prior to specimen collection.
4Secondary+ includes any years of secondary schooling whether completed or not.