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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Biol. 2015 May 14;25(11):1535–1541. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.027

Figure 3. Thermogenetic activation of PPL1 DANs substitutes for a bitter punishment.

Figure 3

A) Schematic of inducible activation of DANs. Infrared-laser stimulation (yellow) is substituted for quinine stimulation to activate DANs following the application of fructose (pink). B) Activation of the four lines labeling the PPL1 cluster (black) that are required for memory formation result in significant PER suppression. Flies harboring GAL4 transgenes (red) or UAS-TRPA1 (green) alone showed no reduction (MB502B) or not significant reduction (all other lines) compared to naïve response (n=10–15). C) Pairing laser stimulation with the presentation of fructose in flies expressing UAS-TRPA1 under the control of MB060B-GAL4 results in PER suppression during training and test (black). Pairing fructose with quinine (without laser stimulation) also leads to PER suppression to a similar level (blue). Unpaired presentation of laser and fructose (grey), where laser onset precedes fructose application, does not lead to PER suppression. Control flies harboring GAL4 transgenes (red) or UAS-TRPA1 (green) alone showed no significant suppression of PER (n=10–15). All data represent the mean ± SEM * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001